Income Inequality Essay Example For Students

Salary Inequality Essay Salary Inequality Essay Salary disparity in the United States remained generally stable for a time of almost forty years. Starting during the 1970s, in any case, this time of strength finished, as the main indications of extending salary disparity got clear. Through the span of the 1970s and 1980s, an undeniably clear pattern toward more noteworthy pay disparity rose. Before the finish of the 1980s, the main 20 percent of laborers were accepting the biggest portion of pay at any point recorded by government figures, and the last three fifths were getting the most reduced offers at any point recorded. This pattern has proceeded into the 1990s and as of now gives no indications of decrease. At the point when the pointers of developing inequalitywere first saw during the 1970s, a few scientists contended that the effectswere just impermanent relics of momentary work advertise unsettling influences. By theend of the 1980s, be that as it may, a drawn out pattern towards expanding inequalityhad obviously developed, pointing rather to unbendable changes in the occupationalstructure itself. The new word related structure seemed, by all accounts, to be unified with anincrease of generously compensated specialized, logical, and proficient employments at the top, asliding white collar class, and a developing inadequately paid assistance and retail occupations atthe base. A few significant work power changes seemed, by all accounts, to be contributing tothe moving word related structure. As word related recreating and growingincome imbalance turned out to be progressively apparent, a warmed bantered with regards to the causesand greatness of these progressions emerged. Two predominant collections of thought emergedaround the issue: the activity expertise crisscross postulation and the polarizationthesis. Bungle scholars contend that there is an expanding separation betweenthe high ability prerequisites of post-mechanical occupations and the lacking trainingand unremarkable capabilities of laborers. They see the post-mechanical economyleaving behind incompetent laborers, particularly ladies and minorities. For themismatch scholar, the pattern toward more noteworthy disparity is impermanent and willdissipate once the gracefully of laborers gets what it takes requested by apost-modern economy. Also, they foresee that the general dissemination ofworkers will understanding and redesigning in their wages over the long run.Polarization scholars, then again, accept that the ascent in inequalityis lasting, an aftereffect of the move to a help based economy. This vision ofthe post-modern economy is typically enraptured. The problemaccording to these scholars, is the kind of employments being produced in the neweconomy, not laborer traits. Since they accept the causes are structuraland lasting, polarization scholars would prevent the viability from claiming open policiesdesigned to instruct and prepare incompetent specialists. They anticipate a long-termcontinuation of the pattern towards expanding salary disparity. Studies showthat the since quite a while ago run increment in pay disparity is likewise identified with changes inthe Nations work market and its family structure. The pay distributionhas become impressive progressively inconsistent with all the more profoundly talented, prepared, andeducated laborers at the top encountering genuine pay gains and those at the bottomreal wage misfortunes. One factor is the move in work from thosegoods-delivering businesses that have lopsidedly given high-wageopportunities to low-gifted specialists, towards administrations that disproportionatelyemploy school graduates, and towards low-wage divisions, for example, retail exchange. Butwithin industry moves in labor request away from less-instructed laborers areperhaps a more significant clarification of dissolving compensation than the move out ofmanufacturing. Likewise refered to as squeezing the wages ofless-instructed laborers are strengthening worldwide rivalry and movement, thedecline of the extent of laborers having a place with associations, the decrease in thereal estimation of the lowest pay permitted by law, the expanding requirement for PC abilities, an d theincreasing utilization of impermanent specialists. Simultaneously, since a long time ago run changes inliving game plans have occurred that will in general incite contrasts inhousehold salaries. For instance, separations and divisions, births out of wedlock,and the expanding age from the start marriage have prompted a move away frommarried-couple families and toward single-parent and non-family households,which normally have lower livelihoods. Additionally, the expanding propensity over theperiod for men with higher-than-normal profit to wed ladies withhigher-than-normal income has added to extending hole between high-incomeand low-salary family units.

20 Short Essay Topics on Global Warming in World Climate Change

20 Short Essay Topics on Global Warming in World Climate Change Over the most recent 50 years, human exercises, for example, exhuming the earth, utilization of non-renewable energy sources and nursery outflows have radically changed the earth’s atmosphere in negative manners. During this timeframe, the consuming of non-renewable energy sources has discharged enormous amounts of carbon dioxide and nursery outflows which thusly have caught heat in the earth’s lower air along these lines influencing our worldwide atmosphere. Measurements show that the attacks of an unnatural weather change and its belongings of environmental change influences various areas in different manners however altogether, the earth has seen an expansion of 0.85 degree centigrade in its general temperature over the most recent 100 years. These measurements additionally call attention to that the expansion is set to pass satisfactory limits by 2030. Also, if this happens, it will prompt critical results on the earth’s atmosphere and human wellbeing over the long haul. In this way, the duty of instructing the world’s populace on the risks of a dangerous atmospheric devation falls on your shoulders. So as to do as such, here are 20 short article subjects on an unnatural weather change understudies ought to consider chipping away at to redirect our aggregate regard for this ticking time bomb. The 20 short paper points on a dangerous atmospheric devation: Talking about the Impact of Climate Change on Human Health Understanding Global Warming, its Relation to Climate Change and Health Effects A worldwide temperature alteration Driving Extreme Heating in Urban Areas Catastrophic events, Varying Rainfall Patterns and Your Health Diminishing Wildfires through the Study and Management of Global Warming Sea Acidification and its Effects on the World’s Habitat Estimating the Health Effects of Global Warming on the Earth’s Population An unnatural weather change, Natural Disasters and the Correlation with Mental Illness An unnatural weather change and Excessive Climate Change; A Risk to Human Lives Examining Warmer Temperatures and its Support for Allergy-Related Diseases Exploring Climate Change Effects on the Quality of Life in Urban and Rural Areas Impacts of Global Warming on Health Care Diminishing the Effects of Global Warming on Human Health How Global Warming Works and its Dangers to Human Health Environmental Change Droughts and Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa An unnatural weather change and its Negative Effects on Agriculture and Human Well-being Environmental change, Irregular Weather Patterns and the Food Chain The Health Risks Associated with Greenhouse Emissions and Global Warming An unnatural weather change and Its Effects on Air Quality in Urban Communities Environmental Change and the Ever-Disappearing Rainforest The above short paper subjects on an unnatural weather change covers the different expansive impacts of environmental change on the earth’s biological system. Hence, on the off chance that you are keen on considering nature or catastrophic events, you can basically pick a subject that centers around how a worldwide temperature alteration influences your region of study and the people living in these areas. In the following area of this article, a theme will be picked and a short paper will be composed around it to furnish you with some bearing on drafting expositions on an unnatural weather change. Note that this article was propelled by the main article - 10 realities on an Earth-wide temperature boost and human wellbeing in world environmental change - in this three section arrangement. Test Short Essay: How Global Warming Works and Its Dangers to Human Health In the course of the most recent two decades, researcher have been associated with a race to demonstrate that the wonder known as an unnatural weather change exists and could definitely influence human life in the coming decades. The need to offer hard realities originated from the analysis the ecological network has gotten from government officials and naysayers who accept that a ulterior rationale is coordinated into the message of tidying up the earth. In this way, I expect to utilize this article to examine the importance of a worldwide temperature alteration and how it will influence human life soon. In straightforward terms, an Earth-wide temperature boost is the expansion of the earth’s normal surface temperature because of the impact of nursery gasses, for example, carbon dioxide, which thusly trap heat in the earth’s environment. In a perfect circumstance or biological system, these warmth made by the utilization of non-renewable energy sources and deforestation would escape from the earth’s surface however the measure of nursery fumes the earth at present creates exceeds the earth’s normal channels. As prior expressed, an Earth-wide temperature boost is brought about via carbon dioxide and nursery outflow created in huge amounts by human exercises. These exercises remember the consuming of non-renewable energy source for our vehicles, ventures and homes, and the enormous deforestation happening in country zones to give building materials, paper and fuel for human utilization. This maltreatment of the earth’s assets has prompted expanded outflow rates, caught heat and a general increment in the earth’s temperature by 0.85 degree centigrade in the 21st century. The expansion in temperature additionally has its unfriendly impacts on the world’s atmosphere and has prompted unpredictable climate conditions around the world. Because of environmental change, streams and seas currently flood their banks prompting flooding of homesteads which are the wellsprings of food and income for rustic networks. The outcome has been across the board lack of healthy sustenance, mosquito populace development, and increment in intestinal sickness related passings and the spread of waterborne infections which definitely decreases the personal satisfaction in rustic zones. Urban territories are additionally not forgotten about, as sporadic climate conditions have prompted heat waves which have been answerable for around 30,000 passings on a yearly premise. Rapidly spreading fires are another result of a changing atmosphere and they have prompted removals, dissatisfaction and uneasiness among individuals who have been up to speed in their part. Albeit an Earth-wide temperature boost influences the individuals of earth in different manners, everybody despite everything endures its assaults. Studies show that if the pattern where non-renewable energy sources are being expended proceeds, the year 2030 will observer extraordinary atmosphere abnormalities which could prompt around 250,000 passings. In this way, the errand of sparing lives falls on our shoulders and the general population can be sharpened and better instructed once we as a whole concur that an Earth-wide temperature boost and the issues it raises are significant. This is the finish of the second article in this three-section arrangement and for those intrigued on culminating their exposition composing abilities, remember to peruse the last article covering the strategies of composing short papers on an Earth-wide temperature boost and human wellbeing in world environmental change. References: Morhadt, J. (2009). Natural Consequences of Global Climate Change. Fernando, H Klaic, Z. (2012). National Security and Human Health Implications of Climate Change. Pool, R. (2008). The Nexus of Biofuels, Climate Change and Human Health. WHO Fact Sheet. (2016). Environmental Change and Health. who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs266/en/ National Center for Science Education Journal. (2010). In what manner will Climate Change Affect the World and Society. https://ncse.com/library-asset/in what capacity will-environmental change-influence world-society Anthony, M. (2013). Globalization, Climate Change and Human Health. http://wphna.org/wp-content/transfers/2013/04/13-04-NEJM-McMichael-Global-Change.pdf Haines, A., Smith, R. (2009). General Health Benefits of Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Overview and Implications for Policy Makers, 14:2-4.

The RAPS4 Alcohol Screening Test

The RAPS4 Alcohol Screening Test Addiction Alcohol Use Print The RAPS4 Alcohol Screening Test Proven More Effective Than CAGE Test By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on February 03, 2020 Thomas Barwick / Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery The RAPS4 alcohol screening test is a four-question quiz designed for busy clinical healthcare offices that have been shown to be effective in detecting alcohol dependence in the past 12 months. It began as a five-question test called the Rapid Alcohol Problems Screen and was designed to maximize sensitivity in detecting alcohol problems. It was later refined to four questions and the name was changed to RAPS4. The test was made up of questions already in use in other screening tests. Primary care physicians offices can be very busy as the family doctor tries to see all of the patients that request an appointment. If the doctor suspects that alcohol may be affecting the health of one of his patients, there really is not enough time for him to conduct a thorough substance abuse evaluation. Therefore, short 4- or 5-questions quizzes, like the RAOS4, are ideal for making an initial evaluation. Effectiveness of the RAPS4 Test The RAPS4 test has been found to be highly effective in detecting alcohol dependence in the past year across gender and ethnic groups - white, black and Hispanic. Research has also shown that the RAPS4 is more effective than the CAGE test, which has traditionally been the most widely used test in clinical settings. The RAPS4 gets its name from the questions it poses to the patient which pertain to remorse (R), amnesia (A), performance (P), and starter drinking behavior (S). Each question pertains to the patients behaviors in the past year. RAPS4 Questions Have you had a feeling of guilt or remorse after drinking?Has a friend or a family member ever told you about things you said or did while you were drinking that you could not remember?Have you failed to do what was normally expected of you because of drinking?Do you sometimes take a drink when you first get up in the morning? A yes answer to at least one of the four questions suggests that your drinking is harmful to your health and well-being and may adversely affect your work and those around you. If you answered no to all four questions, your drinking pattern is considered safe for most people and your results do not suggest that alcohol is harming your health. Unsure about the results? You may want to take the more detailed Alcohol Abuse Screening Test for further evaluation.

Analysis of Herman Melville´s Moby Dick Essay - 821 Words

Herman Melville, in his renowned novel Moby-Dick, presents the tale of the determined and insanely stubborn Captain Ahab as he leads his crew, the men of the Pequod, in revenge against the white whale. A crew mixed in age and origin, and a young, logical narrator named Ishmael sail with Ahab. Cut off from the rest of society, Ahab attempts to make justice for his personal loss of a leg to Moby Dick on a previous voyage, and fights against the injustice he perceived in the overwhelming forces that surround him. Melville uses a series of gams, social interactions or simple exchanges of information between whaling ships at sea, in order to more clearly present man’s situation as he faces an existence whose meaning he cannot fully grasp.†¦show more content†¦Gabriel warns Ahab that if he keeps pursuing the white whale his end will come. Ahab refuses to listen because he is selfish and is too determined to seek his revenge that he will risk his life and his crews life so h e can kill the creature of the deep. Similar to Ahab, the Samuel Enderbys’ captain has donated a limb to Moby-Dick, but unlike the Pequod’s leader, the Englishman wants to keep away from the White Whale, arguing, â€Å"ain’t one limb enough? What should I do without this other arm? †¦ He’s best left alone† (368). The one-armed captain, head of a ship named for a wealthy British merchants, describes his experience to the one-legged monomaniac, who is overly excited, but the Englishman does not approach the experience as a spiritual battle like Ahab. Interrupting the captain, Ahab exclaims his highlights of his effect on the whale, claiming credit for the harpoons and scars decorating that wild beast. The Samuel Enderby’s captain continues â€Å"good-humoredly† (365). The Englishman did not know that he had lost his arm to the Moby-Dick for some time after the attack, but when he found out the identity of his opponent, he forfe ited two chances to repeat his attempt at capturing oil from the White Whale. To the Englishman’s sage like attitude, Moby-Dick was nothing more than a remarkably profitable catch, while toShow MoreRelatedHerman Melville s Moby Dick 1471 Words   |  6 PagesHerman Melville has become a well-known classic novelist in today’s society, most popularly known for his novel Moby Dick. This book, taught in many high school classrooms, has been critiqued and analyzed in several ways, the characters and story line becoming familiar throughout academia. However, what many high school classrooms do not address is the sub-textual homosexual references made throughout the book. In fact, several books authored by Melville, once viewed upon closer inspection, can beRead MoreSatire In Herman Melvilles Moby Dick1239 Words   |  5 PagesSatire in Herman Melville’s Moby Dick Herman Melville’s Moby Dick is a parting from the traditional conception of the Anglo-European novel in underlying the idea of the self as opposed to society, or, the human being in contrast to the universe. Many of Melville’s themes are typical of American Romanticism: the â€Å"isolated self† and the difficulty of self-revelation, the imperfections of human knowledge, the contrast between immorality and virtue, and the pursuit of the truth. Although Melville intendedRead MoreEssay about Herman Melville: A Biography And Analysis2570 Words   |  11 Pages Herman Melville: A Biography And Analysis nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Throughout American history, very few authors have earned the right to be called â€Å"great.† Herman Melville is one of these few. His novels and poems have been enjoyed world wide for over a century, and he has earned his reputation as one of the finest American writers of all time. A man of towering talent, with intellectual and artistic brilliance, and a mind of deep insight into human motives and behavior, it is certainlyRead MoreAnalysis of Critical Essays on Benito Cereno1280 Words   |  6 Pages Analysis of Critical Essays on Benito Cereno nbsp; It is possible to divide the critics into two camps regarding Herman Melvilles purpose in writing Benito Cereno. Joseph Schiffman, Joyce Adler, and Sidney Kaplan all argue that Melville wrote the story to make a comment on slavery. On the other hand, Sandra Zagarell and Allan Emery contend that Melville goes beyond slavery and is pointing out other flaws in mid Nineteenth century American notion. nbsp; Benito Cereno tellsRead MoreSurface: the Key to Understanding Moby-dick Essay2304 Words   |  10 Pages Surface: The Key to Understanding Moby-Dick There are many key themes and words in Herman Melvilles Moby-Dick. One of the more interesting words found repeatedly is the word surface. There are several ways to interpret this word; it is the veil under which the unknown resides, it is the dividing line between the limits of human knowledge and that which is unknowable, it is the barrier that protects the soul from falling below, and it is a finite form . The first and most easily recognizedRead MoreBrothers Grimm and Beautiful Mind1109 Words   |  5 PagesA Beautiful Mind Film Analysis A Beautiful Mind Film Analysis This movie is based on the true story of the brilliant mathematician John Forbes Nash Jr. He made remarkable advancements in the field of mathematics at a young age and had a very promising future. Unfortunately, John Nash had problems deciphering the difference betwe Premium 855 Words 4 Pages * Film Analysis: a Beautiful Mind WEEK 3 A Beautiful Mind Film Analysis xxxxxx x. xxxxxx xx UniversityRead MoreThe Whiteness of the Veil: Color and the veil in Hawthorne’s The Minister’s Black Veil and The Blithedale Romance1578 Words   |  6 PagesThe Blithedale Romance employs chiaroscuro for its characters, symbols and the veil motif in particular. Blair does not go further in his discussion of whiteness and blackness in â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† in relation to The Blithedale Romance. An analysis of the use of color, particularly regarding the veil symbol, in both texts can provide additional insights into Hawthorne’s often noted ambiguity. Veils and the act of unveiling are popular literary tropes, particularly in Gothic fiction. They mayRead MoreStarbucks : Organizational Profile : Starbucks2061 Words   |  9 Pagesput into perspective Starbucks? as an organization using Bolman and Deal?s (1997) Symbolic and Human Resources frames. As we look into this organization?s structure we will also do some research into its weaknesses, strengths, opportunities and threats (SWOT). Symbolic Frame Starbucks began with a single store in Seattle?s Pike Place Market in 1971, it was named after the first mate in Herman Melville?s Moby Dick, and it?s said to ?evoked the romance of the high seas and the seafaring traditionRead MoreStarbucks Ltd.2455 Words   |  10 PagesHasan Mohammad Starbucks Ltd. Principles of Marketing Assignment 1 09 November 2004 I. Company History Three Seattle entrepreneurs started the Starbucks Corporation in 1971the name comes from Herman Melville s Moby Dick. Their prime product was the selling of whole bean coffee in one Seattle store. By 1982, this business had grown tremendously into five stores selling the coffee beans, a roasting facility, and a wholesale business for local restaurants. Howard Schultz, a marketerRead MoreWhiteness as a Field of Study2712 Words   |  11 Pagesthat the country wanted or desired as citizens. Making race central to decide who can become citizen and per extension who can come to America. Whiteness, Law and Immigration Antecedents and Beginnings Even if the field was born in the 1990’s some of its questions were asked before. The study of white groups of people in multicultural societies like the American has always been in the mind of some scholars. The mass migration to the United States has made it a fertile ground for this kind

The Race On Reality Tv - 866 Words

Race on Reality TV A unique feature of reality TV makes the show as a site where we can find how the tolerance is conducted in real life, in terms of race, gender, and foreignness. As an â€Å"unabashedly commercial genre united less by aesthetic rules or certainties than by the fusion of popular entertainment with a self-conscious claim to the discourse of the real’’ (Murray Ouellette, 2004, p. 2), reality TV enjoys its privilege of dealing with the controversial issue such as racism with ease, through a sense of reality or â€Å"reality credentials† (Kilborn, 1994), on the plea of establishing realism in the show. Focusing on this unique feature, many media scholars have discussed how racial issues are portrayed in the artificial-but-actual apparatus and what particular implications we can draw (Bell-Jordan, 2008; Boylorn, 2008; Orbe, 2008; Squires, 2008). Several studies on reality TV criticize the genre fails to offer broader context to grasp the complicated and serious social issues (Andrejevic, 2004; Bondebjerg, 1996; Kraszewski, 2004; Syvertsen, 2001), and depends on the pre-established framework about race by casting its participants who fit into racial stereotypes (Tyree, 2011) or by emphasizing the stereotypical facets of the participants (Bell-Jordan, 2008; Kraszewski, 2004). Several reality TV shows, MTV’s Real World, FX network’s Black.White., CBS’s Survivor: Cook Islands, have ambivalence in promoting and dramatizing racial conflicts between different racedShow MoreRelatedThe Reality Of Reality Tv951 Words   |  4 Pages Reality TV and You Television shows were created to entertain the public and soon generalized shows became a bore. Reality TV shows are widely varied but are similarly based on the lives of non-fictional characters that brings out their daily challenges and achievements. This genre of TV programs gives a huge impact to its audience of, mostly, twelve to nineteen year olds. Critics and bloggers heavily criticize the negative teachings of Reality TV and indirectly force viewersRead MoreThe Reality Of Reality Television882 Words   |  4 Pages What is it about these reality shows such as: Keeping Up with the Kardashians, Bad Girls Club, and The Real Housewives that we cannot stop watching? After watching reality shows like this, it leaves people craving the next episode of the next week. Reality television producers are exploiting people by giving the public a â€Å"sense† of reality but not the real version of it, but rather exploit people and use stereotypes to make money for entert ainment. The specific points of this argumentRead MoreAfrican American Stereotypes Reality Television1531 Words   |  7 PagesReality programs have dominated television networks since their rise in popularity began in the early 1990s with MTV’s The Real World. The reality genre quickly gained viewership as it redefined the formulaic set up of televisions shows from the past. Reality television has infiltrated television because networks prefer low budgets for their programs that also generate high ratings (Hasinoff, 2008). People watch reality shows because they are intrigued by the seemingly â€Å"real† drama with ordinaryRead MoreStereotypes In Reality Television730 Words   |  3 Pagesadvantage† (thefreedictionary. com). This is what reality television manages to do to the world we live in today. Reality television in fact, is not always real. Many shows on television create a false sense of reality for their viewers. This influences people to think, act, and feel certain ways about others and the world around them. We will write a custom essay sample on Reality TV or any similar topic specifically for you Hire Writer These reality television shows use stereotypes in many casesRead MoreThe Representation Of Race, Class And Gender925 Words   |  4 PagesThe representations of race, class and gender in the media promote various forms of oppressions. Ideologies of class that commemorate the upper class and diminish the lower class are seen in many programs. Ideologies of gender that discriminate women and promote sexism, ideologies of race that misrepresent people of color are mostly created by people who have different perspectives and ideologies. For instance in a 2008 television commercial for the Japanese cell phone companies, a monkey is shownRead MoreThe Impact of Reality Tv on the Teenagers1732 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact Of Reality TV on the Teenagers in Mumbai Nimish Satpute St. Andrews College Instructors : Prof. Meenakshi Kamat : Prof. Jenny Benoy Abstract Reality-based television programming has become a dominant force in television over the past seven years and a staple of most networks’ primetime lineups. This relatively quick change in the television landscape and the sudden increase in viewers’ consumption of reality televisionRead MoreThe Media And Its Impact On Society1678 Words   |  7 Pages When you are young you don t realize that what you are watching on the television is shaping many of your beliefs, distorting what is fictional and what is reality. The media plays a huge role in stereotyping black people compared to white people which has a major impact in how we view the people in our world. When we are watching tv or listening to the radio and it is constantly relating the color of a person s skin to their actions. This causes the audience to associate these actions with aRead MoreReality Television Has A Harm Than Good959 Words   |  4 PagesReality television has grown to be one of the most popular genres in TV history. Ten years ago, you would find maybe one or two reality shows on air . These days, there are numerous kinds of reality television shows on just about every channel. They range from dating shows, game shows, and shows about â€Å"real life.† Some examples are The Bachelor, The Amazing Race, Survivor, Jersey Shore, Real Housewives, Teen Mom, etc. Most of these shows don’t promote any harm; however, they’re starting to take aRead MoreNegative Stereotypes in Reality Television1639 Words   |  7 PagesAs Reality TV becomes more prominent it seems as though negative stereotypes overtly saturate this genre of entertainment. The popularity of reality TV shows subliminally support the preconceived or self-fulfilling prophesy consumers may have towards a certain person or group of people. Reality TV has had an extensive run demeaning African Americans while perpetuating stereotypes. More specifically today, black men are portrayed as stereotypical Brute individuals on the reality TV show Love andRead MoreReality Tv - the Real Issues E ssay1246 Words   |  5 Pagesfavorite movie star dresses, or listening to the newest bands, media makes a difference in everyone’s life. Recently reality television has become a bigger, more popular pastime that many American people enjoy. With so many different reality shows coming out one of the biggest problems that America faces is what kind of message these shows are projecting to their viewers. Almost every reality show that’s out there right now is in some way almost degrading to regular human beings. Shows that get some of

Critically Assess Marx’s Theory of Class and Stratification Free Essays

Marx class theory derived from his belief that class divisions are not found in all forms of society; classes are a creation of history. For Marx, classes are defined and structured by firstly, who owns or has property and means of production and who does the work in the production process, secondly the social relationships included in work and labour, and thirdly who produces and who rules the surplus human social labour can produce. All of these aspects of Marx class theory will be further explored in this essay. We will write a custom essay sample on Critically Assess Marx’s Theory of Class and Stratification or any similar topic only for you Order Now Marx believed that class divisions are not found in all societies, classes are a creation of history. The earliest and smallest societies (tribal and primitive) were classless. It is universally true that all human beings depend on the quest of meeting their basic needs – food, water, shelter and clothing. In these primitive societies, the working day was taken up with required labour in order to meet society’s basic needs and forces of production were distributed equally amongst the community. But when basic needs are met, this leads to man’s creation of new needs, as humans are forever dissatisfied animals. Marx defines human beings as producers (Callinicos, A, p. 98, 1996). Humans seek to transform nature to enable them to meet their needs and do this through two different mode of production. The first ‘forces of production’ which depends on what Marx calls the ‘labour process’. ‘‘Labour is first of all a process between man and nature, a process by which man, though his own actions, mediates, regulates and controls the metabolism between himself and nature’’ (C I 283). The relations of production is the social aspect, which involves the property rights of the productive forces, it is what distinguishes the modes of production for one another. Improvements in the labour force are determined by if man is able to produce the same amount of things but with less human labour. By been able to produce more effectively, therefore meant man gains more control over nature. Thus the developments of the labour process are a reflection of human technology (Callinicos, A, p. 8, 1996) and Marx believed that the developments of science and technology in society provide a basis on which future societies can build upon. Although Marx never said in so many words what he meant by class, his theory lies on the statement that â€Å"the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. ’’ That once beyond primitive socities no labour can exist without means of production, which is who controls the direct producers. The central classes in capitalism are the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. Class divisions arise in society when the direct producers are separated from the means of production. The means of production, the bourgeoisie, become the monopoly of a minority and use exploitation and domination in relation to the producers, the proletariat. Marx looks at the working day in a class society and identies how capital exploits labour wage. During the first half of the day the worker produces goods in which he is paid to but during the second part of the day the worker performs surplus labour. Surplus labour is generated by how much labour time is left over after the employer has made back the equivalent of the cost of the wages of the labourer. The profit of this surplus labour is too small though to improve everyone’s standard of living, so it is taken by the minority who control the means of production. Marx decscribes four main types of class societies: Asiatic, ancient, feudal, and modern bourgeois, ‘‘the distinction between for example a society based on slave labour and a society based on wage labour – is the form in which this surplus labour is in each case exploited from the immediate producer, the worker’’ (C I 325). The practice of exploitation depends on the distribution of the means of production. In the case of slavery , it seems all the slaves labour is surplus labour , he is not permitted to any of his product. But the slave has to be kept alive in order to gain surplus power, therefore a proportion of the slaves wages is set aside to provide him his basic needs. In feudalism society, the peasant may have owned his animals and tools, but did not own the land he works on, therefore must divide his labour time between the work that needed to be done in order to provide for himself and his family and surplus labour for his lord. In both these mode of production, slavery and feudalism, exploitation is clearly visible and physical consequences are evident without question. However in capitalism exploitation is concealed. The worker is legally free, as he has volunteered to partake in the labour process. Marx wrote that workers are ‘‘ free in a double sense , free from the old relations of clientship, bondage and servitude, and secondly free of all belongings and possessions, and of every objective, material form of being, free of all property’’ (G 507). By not selling his labour power to the capitalist, the workers only other option is starvation. The means of production use economic pressures as a means of control over workers, not physical actions. Thus once the employer has employed the workers, he makes them work longer hours than necessary, creating surplus labour. In the case of feudalism, after centuries new methods of producing began to develop. But releasing these new methods worked against the ruling class–in the framework of the prior form of exploitation and the â€Å"legal and political superstructure† that had arisen out of it. This clash between the new opportunities and the structure of the previous order, was in severe crisis. Without new developments, the existing means of producing was not able to sustain any more development in the population, the Black Death followed, causing horrific events such as famines and disease and violence. The previous ways of shaping society and furthering the mode of production were brought to a halt. Marx foresaw that there could be revolution in society abolishing classes altogether. Then begins an epoch of social revolution,† , Marx wrote. Yet the ruling class were still dominating the workers, even though the mode of production had self-destructed. The ruling class dominates not only the way production is carried on, but all the other organizations and relations in society, whose structure aids the exploiters, control their power. As Marx explained, all class societies create a legal, political and ideological â€Å"superstructure† which functions to control the existing relations of production and guard the rulers from the ruled. But an important tool for the ruling class to persuade the working class is ideology– schemes of ideas that depict the recognized order as natural and positive to everyone, whatever its undeniable faults. Marx believed that the workers did not realise they were been exploited, had a false consciousness, mistaken sense that they could count on their employer. He believed that ideologies help sustain the ruling class, by giving misleading views to people about the world in order to exploit others about their position in society. It caused people to form mistaken views about the nature of society in order to keep the existing mode of production in action. Because the dominant or ruling class rules the social relations of production, the central ideology in capitalist society is that of the ruling class. Marx theory of class consciousness was an idea how to make members of a class aware that they have a common situation and interests and, moreover, are able to organize a collective defence of those interests (Elster, J, p128, Intro to Karl Marx). Marx saw that there were many logics why the proletariat would develop into a class that is conscious of its own status, power, obligations, and prospects. The objective condition of a class subsists because of its position in the productive process. Possession or non-possession of the means of production, place in the labour process, and the control over surplus regulate this. However a class such as the bourgeoisie or proletariat, may be unaware of this position, or in any case the effects of this position. Marx believed there would be a revolution, the workers would come together and rise up and fight to abolish the class system. Once everything had calmed down after the revolution, the proletariat would then own the means of production. He believed that no dominating class would exist and everything would be owned equally amongst society. He thought that if the working class were to take control of the means of production, they would inspire social relations that would help everyone proportionately, and an organization of production less at risk to repeated crises. Overall, Marx believed that nonviolent compromise of this issue was unrealistic, and prearranged and violent revolution would be necessary, because the dominating class would not surrender control without a fight. He speculated that in order to secure the socialist system, a dictatorship of the proletariat must be generated on a provisional foundation. Marx’s forethought of a revolution did not come true. As societies developed and expanded, the working classes grew to be more educated, obtaining detailed job skills and accomplishing the type of financial welfare that Marx never thought achievable. How to cite Critically Assess Marx’s Theory of Class and Stratification, Essay examples

Management Work and Life Issues an Example by

Management: Work and Life Issues The total character value of a laborers welfare may sometimes provoke unexpected effects to an organization where he belongs. In most cases, personal and work related issues can induce positive or negative results to the companys normal business processes. In such a case, it is important to evaluate the degree of influence of these factors to any types of company procedures. I f a company wishes to be competitive, then work and life related issues must be addressed (Kutilek et al, 2002). Need essay sample on "Management: Work and Life Issues" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Using a personal experience, the company Ingram Micro provides some of the best approaches in dealing with work or personal life related issues of its employees. The company has a complete instructional method which was primarily implemented by the Human Resources department together with the help of the supervisors in order to combat issues related to workforce performance. One of the strategies that the company employs to address work related issues is to implement a weekly feedback from the sales agents. This is with regards to how they have handled an entire weeks business. For the sales team, each one of the agents are required to submit a mini report which highlights the total sales and the total number of orders per item covering a specific week. This enables the company to address the issues related to inventory and possible price discount offerings for the clients. There have been times when customers tend to complain about changing prices and non-availability of items so having a report like that can help Ingram address the problem. In terms of personal life issues, the company implements a program in which a monthly consultation with the HR department is conducted. This intends to capture each employees dilemmas on a personal perspective. The details about the report are confidential and only the HR team and the employee are aware of the problem. This may include personal financial problems or family concerns. Counseling is provided to employees who face such personal issues so that they can recover from depression and frustrations and would be able to continue providing quality performance for the organization. Apparently, allowing laborers to attend to personal family matters can equate to productivity for the business (Business Intelligence, 2007). Using a personal previous dilemma, the companys strategy towards the employees life issues worked out effectively. I had an issue regarding balancing my time and effort in school and at work. Because of such concern, there was a time when my performance at work was affected due to the hectic schedules patterns in school. This resulted to a low performance rate in terms of sales which covered at least three months. With such an issue, the HR team and my immediate superior had a discussion with me in which I provided the details of my problem. After that small meeting, my supervisor suggested to allocate a different time frame for my work in which the HR positively agreed with. Since I had a very good record in terms of sales, both parties provided me a very lenient schedule which paved the way for me to effectively attend to school while maintaining my good performance at work. This is one true evidence that Ingram Micro has a very good approach in maintaining employees without compromising the resolution value for work or life related issues. Taking care of the work and life related issues of employees can spell greater returns for a business. A small personal assistance or counseling should be enough for the laborers to feel that the company cares for their welfare. With such atmosphere in the workforce, it is not very hard to imagine that the business will be productive for a long time. Anything that is good for employees is directly good for business (Simpson, 2003). References Business Intelligence Lowdown. 2007. How to Be a Manager that Your Employees Respect: 73 Surefire Tips. Kutilek, L., Conklin, N., Gunderson, G. 2002. Investing in the Future: Addressing Work/Life Issues of Employees. Extension Journal Inc. Retrieved February 14, 2008 from https://www.joe.org/joe/2002february/a6.php. Simpson, S. 2003. Good for Employees, Good for Business. Media Inc.

The Engineers Thumb Essays

The Engineers Thumb Essays The Engineers Thumb Paper The Engineers Thumb Paper The setting for The Engineers Thumb is also a secluded house in the dead of night. Again this helps add to the tense atmosphere, as the night is thought to heighten emotions. During the night it is harder to see, and many perceive this as potentially dangerous. Colonel Lysander Stark specifically requests that Hatherly come in the middle of the night so that he was not seen. Along with the fact that they did not want their money scam to be discovered by an engineer coming to the house, this would also be the ideal time for them to commit a murder if need be as, just like in The Speckled Band, nobody would be around to help the victim or hear the crime come to pass. The fact that when they walk into the house it is pitch black makes us feel tense, as the colonel could do anything he pleased to the young engineer at this point. The hysterical woman that tries to help the engineer before his ordeal even starts, puts us the reader on edge, as she would not be in the frightful state that she is in, if she did not fear something terrible. Consequently we fear something terrible is going to happen, hence suspense is created. In both stories the major and most dramatic moments occur during the night, in remote locations. Personally I felt that the description of the setting and atmosphere was more intense in The Speckled Band, especially when Helen Stoner was describing her sisters death. There are also other aspects, which I felt added to the suspense through creating setting and atmosphere. Throughout both stories when tension is at its utmost, Conan Doyle employs other effective uses of language and techniques. One that I noticed he used particularly frequently when tensions were high, was alliteration. I sprang from my bed, wrapped a shawl round me, and rushed into the corridor. Conan Doyle used this technique at almost every period when tension was high. A further example of this from The Engineers Thumb, is when the young woman attempts to warn the engineer of the dangers he is about to face. She held up one shaking finger to warn me to be silent, and she shot a few words of broken English at me. Throughout both stories Doyle uses a great deal of alliteration and in my opinion it is one of the most effective literary techniques to heighten tension and suspense. As the reader, it really puts you on edge, as the words sound sharper and more intense. The language Watson uses to describe the state and physical appearance of Helen Stoner helps to create mystery and suspense. She is fairly young, however the description we are given of her, suggests she has been through some terrible ordeal. Her face was all drawn and gray, with restless, frightened eyes. This description adds suspense to the story as we are concerned for her and are anxious to find out what has troubled this young woman so terribly. Doyle also uses a simile in which he compares her to, some hunted animal. Helen Stoners physical description reflects her emotional state. From her appearance Watson and Holmes could clearly see that she was in a pitiable state of agitation. She acts in a melodramatic manner, which I personally felt was too over-the-top. Dr Roylotts character is one that verges on mania. We are aware almost from the beginning that Roylott is the villain. His physical description again mirrors his emotional state. The portrayal that Watson relays to the reader when Roylott visits them is vivid. He is described as a huge man dressed in the peculiar mixture of professional and agricultural clothes. This is a strange combination, however Roylott is a very atypical man. We are told that he is marked with every evil passion and this alone is a particularly large clue as to the fact that he is clearly the villain. Previously we have learnt that Roylott beat his native butler to death so he is obviously a very volatile man. This kind of remark adds to the sense of suspense, as we know that a young woman has to live alone with this man who is uncontrollable in his anger. He is a doctor and intelligent man, but the Victorians see him as the villain and quite possibly blame his mania on his long stay in the tropics. Indians are bound to lead him into bad habits. He has become a recluse and therefore a social outcast. This makes him, therefore, the perfect person to play a villain in a Victorian short story. Victor Hatherly is the victim in The Engineers Thumb. This is obvious from his horrific injury and the fact that he is not quite stable. When he meets Watson he breaks out into an hysterical outburst which, according to Holmes, comes when some great crisis is over. This comment creates a sense of mystery as we want to know what has happened to this man, and also suspense as it must have been something terrible to get him into the state he is in. He is young, lives completely alone and is fairly new to owning his own business. Therefore he could be seen as vulnerable. Obviously the colonel adopted this attitude as he deceived him, and managed to get the young man to work for him even though the conditions he was offered were very suspicious. The character of the Colonel Lysander Stark is an obvious choice for that of the villain. As is already apparent, villains in Victorian stories were played by social outcasts, people who were not from within our own society. One is at once reminded of a stereotypical colonel, a cruel harsh person with militaristic cruelty at heart. He is depicted as a model villain. He has a German accent, which was, and still is, a very common nationality for stereotypical villains of stories such as this. The engineer describes him as a man rather over middle size just like Roylott. Conan Doyle creates stereotypical characters. The people who visit Sherlock Holmes are always clearly the victims of crime. This can be determined by the melodramatic manner with which they act and from the vivid descriptions of the way they look. Both Helen Stoner and Victor Hatherly could be perceived as vulnerable people, as Helen is a young woman living with a daunting stepfather, and Victor is a young man with not a lot of experience living alone. The melodramatic manner with which they act is epitomized well here. Helen Stoner, in The Speckled Band explains that it is not cold which makes her shiver, but fear, Mr Holmes it is terror. Similarly when Victor Hatherly in The Engineers Thumb first convenes with Watson he breaks into a hysterical outburst. Conan Doyle exaggerates physical characteristics to heighten the sense of battle between good and evil, as is typical of Victorian short stories. Conan Doyle also uses the characters physical appearance to emphasise their emotional state. Helen Stoners hair has gone prematurely grey, and Conan Doyle compares her restless, frightened eyes, to some hunted animal. This simile adds suspense as we are reminded that Roylott is trying to kill her. Personally, I thought this aspect of the story was a little predictable, however I felt that this was maybe a good thing as it meant the readers had something to go on when trying to deduct their own conclusions from the story. Similarly, the villains are clear from the outset and obvious outsiders. In both stories they are large men who do not seem to be vulnerable in anyway. Again the emotional state is emphasised by their appearance, but I felt this was more so The Speckled band. In The Speckled Band we learn a great deal about Dr Roylott from Helen Stoner, and then he visits Holmes and Watson. It is very clear that he is of a volatile nature, and has an uncontrollable temper. However in The Engineers Thumb the colonel is a bit of an unknown quantity. All we really learn about him is that he is tall and of an exceeding thinness. Obviously we are aware that he has something to hide, as he is very suspicious and questioning. During Helen Stoners account in The Speckled Band she tells Holmes that on the nights leading up to her sisters death Julia, her sister, heard a whistling sound at about three in the morning, and on the night of her death she too heard it followed by some metallic sound. This sort of detail helps build up a sense of mystery and encourages the reader to read on, because it is obvious that we are being given clues. We want to know what happened to this poor girl, but we also want to be the one who discovers the cause of her death. There are various other details that also build up the mystery in Helens account such as the fact that Julia had locked her door but when Helen heard her scream and went to help the door was unlocked. Although this detail creates a deeper sense of mystery it also acts as a small decoy as to the actual cause of Julias death. The fact that as Julia is dying she stabs her finger towards Roylotts room and screams Oh my God! Helen! It was the band! The Speckled band! This more than anything creates mystery, as we all want to know what this speckled band is and how it could possibly have played a part in this womans death. When Holmes visits Stoke Moran in The Speckled Band to find some clues that will help with the investigation of this murder, he makes some strange observations. In my opinion these observations add to the suspense the reader feels. The first of these is that Helen seems to have had to move rooms for no apparent reason. Although Roylott tells her it is because repair work is being done, there does not appear to be anything to repair and there are no workmen around. In Julias former room Holmes discovers that the modern looking bell pull, which already appears to be out of place amongst the other more antique furniture, is actually fake. Secondly he notices that these is a ventilator that provides a connection between Dr Roylotts room and the room Helen is now sleeping in, the murder scene. Holmes appears to be perplexed as he rightly says, what a fool a builder must be to open a ventilator into another room, when, with the same trouble he might have communicated with the outside air. The fake bell pull was connected to a hook just above the ventilator and the tassel at the end of the rope lay on top of the pillow on Julias old, Helens new bed. A further abnormal characteristic about the room was the fact that the bed was clamped to the floor and therefore always remained in that same position and was always in the same place in relation to the bell pull and ventilator. Then when the company of Helen Holmes and Watson move into Roylotts room Holmes makes some further interesting observations. There is a small saucer of milk in the room on, even though the only cat Roylott owns is a cheetah. Holmes also expresses an interest in a locked safe, a dog lash that was peculiarly tied and a chair. All these elements add suspense, as we are aware from these observations that her death was definitely deliberate. Suspense is created as we want to know why and how, we are also becoming aware at this point that Holmes has solved the mystery, and as the reader we want to do the same. The story of The Speckled Band is told through a variety of different people. Watson is the narrator, and is used by Doyle to relay all the information Holmes discovers to the reader. However there is a large portion where Helen Stoner is the storyteller. In The Engineers Thumb Watson keeps his role as the narrator, but the bulk of the story is the engineer explaining his ordeal. Both stories are similar in this way with the victims of crime telling a large bulk of the story through explaining to Holmes and Watson. Personally I found it quite unusual to read a complex story with so much speech. At the end of The Speckled Band Holmes and Watson enter Stoke Moran. Their journey across the grounds was full of trepidation as they were reminded, by the sight or Dr Roylotts baboon, of the cheetah that was also roaming at liberty. When they finally found themselves in the room Helen was supposed to be sleeping in they sat silently wide-awake, as the slightest sound could jeopardise the whole plan, and falling asleep could endanger their lives. This point in the story is riddled with suspense as both Holmes and Watson sit in a state of nervous tension. As the reader, we anticipate the intense excitement that is to ensue. The climax of the story occurs when Dr Roylott once again tries to murder his stepdaughter by standing on a chair and putting the poisonous snake through the ventilator so that it could crawl down the bell rope and bite Helen Stoner. However unknown to Dr Roylott, Watson and Holmes, who were anticipating this attack, are waiting. As the snake slithers down the bell-pull, Holmes launches his assault as he lashed furiously with his cane at the bell-pull. All this action that is taking place, unbeknown to Dr Roylott, is actually to culminate in his death, as the snake escapes from the fury of Holmes and returns to bite its master. There is clearly a moral to this story, as Roylott eventually gets his comeuppance. This is typical of the Victorian morality as good always overcomes evil. As Holmes puts it, Violence does, in truth, recoil upon the violent, and the schemer falls into the pit which he digs for another. Roylott was a murderer and therefore, in respect of Victorian morality, must die. Holmes states In this way, I am no doubt indirectly responsible for Dr Grimesby Roylotts death, and I cannot say that it is likely to weigh very heavily upon my conscience. In the The Engineers Thumb the ending is very different, as the facts evolve throughout the story. At the end of the Engineers narrative the Engineer finds out about the colonels money making scam. The colonel reacts badly to this and tries to kill him by locking him in the room where they press the money. The colonel then wickedly turns on the machine in an attempt to kill the young engineer, as we later find out he did to the previous engineer. Thankfully the engineer finds another door and escapes. Personally, I find this twist in the tale rather disappointing, as I think it is a rather easy way out for the author. The hysterical woman tries to help him to escape by taking him to a room and assisting him in climbing out of the window. However the colonel tries to prevent his escape by trying to chop him to pieces with an axe. The engineer was quick enough to narrowly escape death but not quick enough to escape with his thumb. As he becomes aware of his gruesome injury, he faints in the bushes and wakes up by the railway station, to his surprise, as he was under the impression that he was twelve miles away and the colonel was trying to kill him. Once he had finished his narrative, Holmes, Watson, the engineer and two police officers from Scotland Yard, went to try to locate the scene of the crime and the criminals involved. Holmes uses his deductive skills in concluding that, as the horse, which took the engineer to the colonels house, was fresh, it cant have travelled twelve miles previously. Therefore he immediately locates the house, much to the astonishment of his companions. However the house is on fire as the lamp, which the engineer used to examine the machine, was not put out. Unfortunately the occupants had already left, taking their fake money with them, but their machine was destroyed. Again there is clearly a moral to this story, i. e. that it is unacceptable to meddle in affairs, which you may suspect to be immoral or illegal. Holmes told the engineer that he had gained experience and he also had a certain degree of revenge on the criminals, as it was most probably his oil lamp that destroyed their house and money-laundering machine. Throughout both stories Arthur Conan Doyle creates mystery and suspense with a use of various techniques. He uses language to create character and atmosphere. Doyle uses a combination of melodrama, vivid descriptions of atmosphere, setting and character along with language and various literary devices to build up a sense of mystery and suspense in both short stories. In conclusion, with his Holmes stories, Doyle did two things: he established the conventions of the detective story genre, and he achieved enormous popularity because the world and action of the stories reflected the values of their late Victorian audience. In each story good overcomes evil and this is vital for a popular short story in the Victorian era, as this reflected Victorian morality. At the time Sherlock Holmes was introduced society was confident in its industrial and imperial force, valuing science and rationality. Everyone was conscious of a relentless improvement in all aspects of life stemming from the power and prosperity society was experiencing. Whatever problems threatened their society, including crime, could be solved by rational means. Holmes demonstrated this, and readers responded with a love for the character. This link, between the values of a society and the methods and values of its crime solvers, has endured in crime fiction ever since.

Relational Databases, Normalization, and SQL

Relational Databases, Normalization, and SQL A database is an application that can store and retrieve data very rapidly. The relational bit refers to how the data is stored in the database and how it is organized. When we talk about a database, we mean a relational database, in fact, an RDBMS: Relational Database Management System. In a relational database, all data is stored in tables. These have the same structure repeated in each row (like a spreadsheet) and it is the relations between the tables that make it a relational table. Before relational databases were invented (in the 1970s), other types of database such as hierarchical databases were used. However relational databases have been very successful for companies like Oracle, IBM, and Microsoft. The open source world also has RDBMS. Commercial Databases OracleIBM DB 2Microsoft SQL Server Ingres. The first commercial RDBMS. Free/Open Source Databases MySQLPostgresSQLSQLite Strictly these are not relational databases but RDBMS. They provide security, encryption, user access and can process SQL queries. Who Was Ted Codd? Codd was a computer scientist who devised the laws of normalization in 1970. This was a mathematical way of describing the properties of a relational database using tables. He came up with 12 laws that describe what a relational database and an RDBMS does and several laws of normalization that describe the properties of relational data. Only data that had been normalized could be considered relational. What Is Normalization? Consider a spreadsheet of client records that is to be put into a relational database. Some clients have the same information, say different branches of the same company with the same billing address. In a spreadsheet, this address is on multiple rows. In turning the spreadsheet into a table, all the clients text addresses must be moved into another table and each assigned a unique ID- say the values 0,1,2. These values are stored in the main client table so all rows use the ID, not the text. A SQL statement can extract the text for a given ID. What Is a Table? Think of it as being like a rectangular spreadsheet made up of rows and columns. Each column specifies the type of data stored (numbers, strings or binary data - such as images). Unlike a spreadsheet where the user is free to have different data on each row, in a database table, every row can only contain the types of data that were specified. In C and C, this is like an array of structs, where one struct holds the data for one row. For more information see Normalizing a database in the Database Design part of databases.about.com. What Are the Different Ways of Storing Data in a Database? There are two ways: Via a Database Server.Via a Database File. Using a database file is the older method, more suited to desktop applications. E.G. Microsoft Access, though that is being phased out in favor of Microsoft SQL Server. SQLite is an excellent public domain database written in C that holds data in one file. There are wrappers for C, C, C# and other languages. A database server is a server application running locally or on a networked PC. Most of the big databases are server based. These take more administration but are usually faster and more robust. How Does an Application Communicate With Database Servers? Generally, these require the following details. IP or Domain name of the server. If it is the on the same PC as you, use 127.0.0.1 or localhost as the dns name. Server Port For MySQL this is usually 3306, 1433 for Microsoft SQL Server.User Name and PasswordName of the Database There are many client applications that can talk to a database server. Microsoft SQL Server has Enterprise Manager to create databases, set security, run maintenance jobs, queries and of course design and modify database tables. What Is SQL?: SQL is short for Structured Query Language and is a simple language that provides instructions for building and modifying the structure of databases and for modifying the data stored in the tables. The main commands used to modify and retrieve data are: Select - Fetches data. Insert - Inserts one or more rows of data. Update - Modifies existing row(s) of data Delete - Deletes rows of data. There are several ANSI/ISO standards such as ANSI 92, one of the most popular. This defines a minimum subset of supported statements. Most compiler vendors support these standards. Conclusion Any nontrivial application can use a database and a SQL-based database is a good place to start. Once you have mastered the configuration and administering of the database then you have to learn SQL to make it work well. The speed at which a database can retrieve data is astonishing and modern RDBMS are complex and highly optimized applications. Open source databases like MySQL are fast approaching the power and usability of the commercial rivals and drive many databases on websites. How to Connect to a Database in Windows using ADO Programmatically, there are various APIs that provide access to database servers. Under Windows, these include ODBC and Microsoft ADO. [h3[Using ADO So long as there is a provider- software that interfaces a database to ADO, then the database can be accessed. Windows from 2000 has this built in. Try the following. It should work on Windows XP, and on Windows 2000 if youve ever installed MDAC. If you havent and want to try this, visit Microsoft.com, do a search for MDAC Download and download any version, 2.6 or higher. Create an empty file called test.udl. Right click in Windows Explorer on the file and do open with, you should see Microsoft Data Access - OLE DB Core Services. This dialog lets you connect to any database with an installed provider, even excel spreadsheets! Select the first tab (Provider) as opens by default at the the Connection tab. Select a provider then click Next. The data source name shows the different types of device available. After filling in username and password, click the Test Connection button. After you press the ok button, you can open the test.udl with file with Wordpad. It should contain text like this. [oledb] ; Everything after this line is an OLE DB initstring ProviderSQLOLEDB.1;Persist Security InfoFalse;User IDsa;Initial Catalogdhbtest;Data Source127.0.0.1 The third line is the important one, it contains the configuration details. If your database has a password, it will be shown here, so this is not a secure method! This string can be built into applications that use ADO and will let them connect to the specified database. Using ODBC ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) provides an API based interface to databases. There are ODBC drivers available for just about every database in existence. However, ODBC provides another layer of communication between an application and the database and this can cause performance penalties.

Analyze marketing strategy on article Research Paper

Analyze marketing strategy on article - Research Paper Example In this essay, attention will be focused upon the marketing strategy that apple has used in order for it to be a successful business venture (Smith, Pulford & Berry, 2006). Looking at the marketing strategy, it is clear to anyone that the success of apple is because of the marketing strategy that they use. The product line and the design standards of their products is far too appealing and very user friendly. Using the marketing strategy, they have been able to hold on to their customers and are still attracting more customers with their products. This marketing strategy was used by apple because they want to have an appealing effect and affect on the consumer. Their product lines and designs are unique, and it is because of CEO’s philosophy that they have managed to come this far. The philosophy, which states â€Å"The user doesn’t always know what they want†, has enabled the company to be successful. The marketing strategy that the company uses is user friendly , economical, unique in its own sense and offers a variety of choices for consumers. The marketing strategy in question offers the best service and products availability, quantity and quality and enables the company to deliver to its numerous consumers and users (Schneiders, 2011).   2. The marketing strategy on this article is perfect. ... First of all, they ignored their critics. Critics are those who do not favor the success of the company and do not see the business succeeding (Viardot, 2004). Through the company’s marketing strategies, critics saw their views fail as the company has become successful more than it was before. Ignoring the critics was one way through which success came to find its way in the company. Apple is a company that mainly deals with the appearance of their products. From the iPads, iPhones and iPods, apple has managed to attract customers because they have put attention on the detail of their products (Schneiders, 2011). Their products are ordinary, but through their marketing strategy, they have managed to turn these ordinary products into something worth praise. The details of their products are more than standard. They have pioneered their products into something worth note and have reinvented their products into something more credible. Products like the iMac, Macbook Air and the iPhone 4 are some of the products that are worth noting. These products have been created with the intention of pleasing customers and users (Viardot, 2004).   Another aspect that was taken into consideration by the company is their pricing. The pricing of a product is very important when it comes to ensuring that the company’s products acquire market. Strategic pricing of a product makes a difference between a company’s success and failure. Pricing of a commodity is significant since it offers a foundation for the products of a company to be available in the market. It is through the pricing of products that consumers and user are retained while still managing to attract more

Storm over the Andes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Storm over the Andes - Essay Example This happens through use of violence and threats. Lawlessness is the result of this political radicalism as they like to call it but it has left the country being run by criminals and unscrupulous characters and who now control the power. On the economic front, after the economic breakdown in the 1970s and 1980s, the Latin America economy underwent several reforms and which have seen the economic growth and success of some of these nations. What is evident is the trade liberalization which has been brought about by the neoliberalism. All this however has been at the expense of the poor who are in no way benefiting from this trade liberalization. The immense success of the economy from the 1990s is being overshadowed by the continuing political storm in the area with the trade proceeds being used to conduct more coups and being misused to gain power and control over the region. With time all these economic success will be deemed futile if the current state of political affairs continues. The political and economic trend according to Lora, (2006) has almost been similar since 1970s where economic success or downturn affects the political stand and vice versa and hence these Latin American nations have almost been moving around in circles with no exit being seen in the near future. Fiscal problems in the 1970s brought about the need to change both the political and economic procedures. This led to the coining of the neo liberalism as well as democracy which lasted for a while throughout the 80s and 90s but then again changed. With the success of the economy in terms of trade tariffs, having economic front with other nations leading to elimination of bureaucracies and strengthening of the public administration came the power greed by the fascists and radicalists in the form of criminals and military. Military coups became the order of the day in the 2000s and political assassinations and attempted

The Nature Of Crime And Criminality

The Nature Of Crime And Criminality The concept of crime is not a new term especially even in laymens word. It is an act committed in violation of the law. Indeed, it is an omission forbidden by criminal law. And in the commission of a crime, it can be punishable through imprisonment or by a fine. In some cases, there are also other forms of punishment imposed by the government or other governing bodies which aims not only in reprimanding the violator but as well as in their reformation. However, this is not the case for defining the word crime. It has been perceived that by giving definitions, one significantly outs or assigns limitations to the concept. According to Savage and Brearly (2007, p. 23), it is quite common to define crime as an act that contravenes the criminal law and is therefore punishable in law. But this should not be the case because crime is a concept that should be treated with caution and not taken for granted. The focus on crime is more evident in the study of criminology. In the definition of criminology, it has been described as the systematic study of the nature, extent, etiology and control of law-breaking behavior (Henry, n.d.). The focus on the assessment of the concept of crime is dealt by the aspect of criminology. The concept of criminology is considered to be a broad science that involves various kinds of crimes as well as societies and cultures in which the crime takes place. In addition, criminology covers the aspect of law that is made by the society in order to address the various crimes that have been committed in a given area (Info Boulevard, 2008). Thus, in the science of exploring the interaction of crime and society, there has been a range of theories formulate in an attempt to explicate what causes such reactions from individuals. Similarly, theories have been created as a reaction to the judicial or social challenges which have been created (Info Boulevard, 2008). With this, one can say that concept of crime is a very complex matter such that, it cannot be explained in a single theory alone. There have been a remarkably high number of theories which attempt to explain the concept of crime in relation to people and the society. Indeed, the nature of crime is increasingly changing largely because of the changes in the society and the environment. Today, a crime cannot be viewed on a single perspective alone. The concept of crime is explained on the basis of different contending perspectives or theories. Two of the most popular perspective that explains the nature of crime is its condition as being a social construct and being an individual criminality. In the concept of crime as a social construct, it has been believed that criminality could have been avoided if there are only prerequisites. Among these prerequisites include presence of very good living conditions, real free will, not maltreatment from the direct and indirect environment, family with principles and a job which can be considered as dignified. In the absence of the noted prerequisites, it is likely that problematic or troubled individuals can be lured into becoming criminals. On the other hand, there is also the perspective that the individuals criminality is not a question. Scholars and the researchers alike argue that genetic factories such as the wrong genes and chromosomes can drive the individuals to absence of self-control, aggressive attitudes as well as generally criminal behavior. Because of this, there is a need for the society to all the members the favorable living conditions. If not, it would be almost unavoidable for the individuals to commit criminal acts. In this paper, it will look into the theories that explain these two most argued perspectives on the concept of crime. Primarily, it will provide a separate discussion on the two perspectives. After elucidating on these perspectives, this paper will present an analysis by comparing and contrasting it. In this way, one can critically evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the two perspectives thereby helping in the decision-making process as to whether the concept of crime is a social construct or just plainly an individual criminality. Crime as a Social Construct Generally, the basis for explaining crime as a social construct is the social environment. While crime is committed by an individual, it is still highly relevant to the society such that, the society is attributed to the actual realization of the crime. Through the environment, it is believed that it can influence the tendency of an individual to commit or engage in crime. This perspective is highly related to the aspect of knowledge as a social construct also. in the context of different dominant values or perspectives, it is believed that the values that come to be accepted are contingent upon the knowledge that is privileged. Undeniably, knowledge in itself is believed to be subject to being socially constructed and even subject to various forms of politically motivated construction (Savage and Brearly (2007, p. 9). Throughout the history, one can see that in the beginning, it is perceived that criminality is a result of the choice on the part of the offender. However, this belief was replaced by positivism wherein it suggests that rather than crime being a matter of choice, it was a matter of pathology or some kind. In short, crime is a result not of the individuals choice of the offender but of something being wrong with them. Indeed, they were bound to commit crime and not able to exercise choice in the matter (Garland, 2002, pp. 10-11). The Role of the Laws and the Government The development of crime as a social construct can largely be attributed to the role of laws and the government itself in the society. In fact, the punishment on the commitment of crime is left on the hands of the government. This governing is being guided by the policies and rules that have been promulgated to protect the welfare of the majority or the greater good. Welsh (2005) is highly critical of the formation of crime in relation to the nature of the government and its policies. He said that majority of the crimes are created by the government by choosing to outlaw something. For instance, the non-violent drug offenses are considered as crimes because it declared by the government. Indeed, it would have not been a crime if the government did not categorize drugs as something illegal. In this context, people are considered as moral entrepreneurs. By believing that drugs are evil, or adultery is bad or even sodomy is evil, they try to convince their societys authority to make violating their mores a crime. Indeed, in this form of government construction of crime, the public play an important role in the prohibition or in the process of making something illegal. For example, in the process of prohibiting gay marriage or alcohol drinking, the coalition of the public is necessary. Another aspect of the construction of crime is when crime is constructed for its own interest such as the case of tax evasion and money tracking laws. On the third, a crime is constructed by the government when it acts to enforce the privilege of an oligopoly or even monopoly. It has been a long standing practice that can be observed in the government the enforcement of state monopoly whether it is in the form of labor, good or service (Welsh, 2005). As such, taking into considerations the only few exceptions, it can already be generalized that crime is what the society chooses it to be and the crime rate is what the society chooses it to be. This phenomenon explains why the U.S. has the highest prison population in the contemporary world. Indeed, they are the highest because they chose to be so. Until now, they still continue to dictate how their people should live their lives, when their actions are either harming only themselves or are harming those who have consensually agreed to be harmed or because it is enforcing a monopoly for those who have power or who kick back into the system Labeling It is in this context where the aspect of labeling comes to fore. Sutherland (1999) avows that it is derived from the sociological dimension of symbolic interactionism. Further, it is explained that in the labeling theory, the human actions are understood in the light of the meaning of those actions. It is believed that it is the people who provide the meaning for the different situations. Consequently, the definitions given to situations are derived from various particular situations. In other words, an image is constructed in the process. Through their interaction with other people, they are able to create an image which in turn is necessary in the giving of meaning to situations. In the case of criminality, the concept of image is deemed to be indispensable. Sutherland (1999) explains that it is the people and the society that creates the image of a criminal. As a matter of fact, criminals do not perceive themselves as criminals. Through the criminal justice system, it utilizes the stigma as a way of controlling behavior. It then notifies other people in order to enhance the image. Undeniably, there is a great distinction between the black and the white races. There is higher likelihood that the blacks will be convicted for crimes than the whites. Welsh (2005) reveals that in the United States, being black or Hispanic means that there is chance of being charged or convicted with the same crime as a white individual. In addition, being poor situates an individual to a greater chance of being convicted that being rich or middle class. Thus, there is a tangible manifestation of the concept of labeling is the US social environment setting. There are severe consequences when one has acquired a criminal record in the United States. Holding a criminal conviction on ones record means that there is little or no chance of getting a decent job. As a result, they are absorbed by the black or gray economy, wherein there is a greater chance of committing a crime. The likelihood of committing further crime can be attributed to ones economic necessity since being marked means that the unmarked will not associate with him or her. In other words, it is expected that one will fall into bad company (Welsh, 2005). The Conflict Perspective The conflict perspective was the basis of explaining the differences of society and culture in perceiving behaviors. It elucidates on the way societies perceive and define what is to be an unacceptable behavior. This perspective is highly important in explaining the social construction of crimes because it presents that the nature and definition given to the concept of crime is relative to cultures and societies. According to Lundberg (n.d.), in the nature of crime as a social construct, it involves not only of the end result (defined crime), but also of the component forces from inside and outside a society which result in that definition. In line with this, the conflict perspective declares that the definitions of unacceptable behavior differ according to whether or not the definition is in the interests of the ruling class. With this, the focus of this structural perspective is on the organization of the society as well as its effect on behavior. A concrete example of the statement given above is the opposing attributes of what is considered to be acceptable and unacceptable behaviors between the European cultures and the aboriginal cultures of Canada. Indeed, the fundamental difference that can be found on European and aboriginal cultures is a reflection on their differing philosophies on the justice system. In the aspect of cultural ethics, the European culture is governed by the concept of guilty and not guilty while in the aboriginal cultures, these words are not to be found in their language. The North American aboriginal societies stress on the role of the elders in the formation of the standards of justice. With this, the basis of their cultural norms is the holistic perspective. Being holistic is true not only on the individual context but as well as in the world in general. The assessment of the physical and mental state of an individual takes into consideration the body, mind and spirit. Moreover, the aboriginal cultures stress on the near-equality of humans and animals (Hamilton and Sinclair, 1991). Overall, the culture of the aboriginal people in North America is developed in such a way that it can adapt constantly to meet the changing circumstances. For instance, this adaptability on the case of aboriginal culture is evident on the commitment of murder. In the culture of Europe, it is not a question that murder is a crime. But in the culture of the Aboriginal societies, it is not always the case. In their culture, the nature of crime is measured based on the severity of the living conditions of the people. This means sanctions may vary depending on the situation. For example, the living conditions which can be considered as unsurviveable, infanticide or abandonment of the sick or elderly is not considered a crime in times of food shortage. In this context, the most valuable member of the group or even in the family would be the hunters wherein they are the last to starve (Hamilton and Sinclair, 1991). Countries Crime Rates To further consolidate the perspective of crime as a social construct, there is a need to look into empirical data such as the condition of living among various countries and the rate of their crimes. Through the living condition of the people and the society, one can point into the necessary elements of the social environment that help shape the development of crime and criminality. Based on the findings of the net industries (2008), the pattern on crime rates among various regions differs. Specifically, it is in Africa and Latin America where there is a high rate of crimes. On the other hands, the Western Europe and the New World are considered to have a relatively low crime rates. In the aspect of victimization, it is found put that the areas in Asia have the lowest and Latin America and Africa incurred the highest. Meanwhile, the New World and the Western Europe are considered to be close to the mean. With this finding, it is asserted that there is a decline on the victimization rates in the most industrialized countries. On the other hand, this decline is not evident on the other parts of the world. What has been observed is the simple division of the world into developed and developing countries (Net Industries, 2008). The developed countries tend to have a lower rate of crimes while the developing ones are higher. Crimes as an Individual Criminality In general, human individuals as considered as the basis of explaining crime as an individual criminality. As compared to the theory of crime as a social construct, the focus of the concept of crime as an individual criminality is already on the individual. Rooting from the person, it looks into the innate or inherent factors that can significantly influence the making of a criminal. In the perspective of individual criminality, it can be asserted that a criminal is born or can be made. In the claim that a criminal is born, it can be traced on the studies regarding the importance of heredity. On the other hand, the claim that a criminal is made, it is traced on an individuals environment- ones diet and even the environment. While, the aspect of environment is still included in the theory of individual criminality, it is still geared towards the study of the individual. On one hand, the concept of a born criminal can be traced with the studies that show the importance and power of oneself in the development of ones criminality. Being a born criminal is also equated to being hereditary. A person is more likely to become criminal is it is already in their blood to become one. In heredity, it includes the elements like physical appearance, modern genetics theory as well as learning theory. Researchers argue that criminality is a genetic trait. Or at some point, criminality is also deemed that it is a result of the individual innate psychological make-up (Savage and Brearly, 2007, p. 77). On being a born criminal, it was Cesare Lambroso who emphasized on this concept. It was said that the born criminal is the one who was pre-destined for criminal behavior due to his physical configuration. People were categorised on the basis of five dimensions: skull shape; jaw and nose shape; head size; and the degree of sensitivity to pain. The category to which a person was assigned depended on the goodness of a match to predetermined characteristics of those dimensions (Crime Library, 2007). One the other hand, a criminal is made through his/her environment. In this case, the claim suggests that a criminal is made instead of being born. It is a consequence of the environmental factors which have negative effect on the people. According to Rutter and Giller (1993), the family is an important environmental which shapes the criminality of an individuality. Various scientists like Bowlby and Fry (1953) and Rutter and Giller (1993) have elucidated on the significant role of the family. There is a place in the Philippines where it has a minimal or even zero crime rate yet the living conditions are not that high or good (Malej, 2004). The people practice honesty, non-violence and other form of positive attitudes at all times. This is in spite of their very poor living conditions. As a matter of fact, their society is very backward. Almost no modern technologies are present in the said province yet they are able to live a life with dignity and harmony. The situation described above is a reflection of the theory that individual criminality is not at question. The government may not provide even the basic needs of the people yet they are able to avoid criminality. Indeed, the commitment of crime is largely dependent on the part of the individual. Ultimately, he/she is the one who makes decisions. In other words, he is the one in control of his/her life. Crime as a Social Construct and Individual Criminality While the two perspectives are considered to be at both ends, it can also be reconciled in order to come up with a better explanation on the concept and nature of criminality. In other words, it the two perspectives will be integrated so as to provide a holistic explanation about crime. It is perceived that when one utilizes only a single perspective, it can never suffice to explain the nature of crime. Hence with the combination of the two, crime can be said to be rooting on the individual make-up as well as the social construct. Undoubtedly, there is a wide array of factors that can explain criminality and thus predict crime. Jones and Connelly (2002) categorized the different factors that influence criminality based on the different spectrums. On one end of the spectrum, criminality is explained through the biological and psychological point of view. The biological theorists claim that due to the genetic composition or even heredity, some people are more predisposed to engage in criminal activity as compared to others. On the perspective of the psychological theorists, criminality can be attributed to the personality characteristics of a person. It is believed that criminality can be traced on the personalities of the offenders rather than on biology. Meanwhile, on the middle of the spectrum, the criminal behavior is explained through the point of view of theorists who are developmental, age-graded, engaged in the concept of social control and even social disorganizations. Toward the end of the spectrum, crime is explained by radical, structural and conflict criminologists. These scholars assert that crime is a result of the inequalities among class and race. In addition, the conflicting values as well as interests significantly affect the engagement into criminal activities (Jones and Connelly, 2002). On the table below, it presents the different risk factors on the commitment or involvement on crime. It asserts here that the factors affecting as well as shaping an individual transcends the personal level. It even goes further to the community or its external environment. Table 1: Risk Factors (Jones and Connelly, 2002) Family Parental criminality Parental supervision/Management practices Income Parent-Child involvement Conflict/Separation Maltreatment Delinquent siblings School Commitment Behavior Achievement Disorganization Peer Association Alienation Early involvement in problem behavior Peer involvement in problem behavior High proportion of unsupervised time with peers Early adulthood Lack of skills Unemployment or low income Homelessness Community Disorganization Drug availability Opportunity for crime Attachment High percentage of children and/or single-parent families Indeed, the causes of crime cannot be attributed to one factor alone. The different factors play a significant part in the development of the individual of a person, especially his/her tendency to commit crime. The idea that a criminal is born into crime can also be linked to the sociological causes of crime. In short, while it is possible the certain persons a born to become criminal, the realization of this fate can also be dependent on the role of its society. For instance, a born criminal can be suppressed of his/her nature as a criminal is he/she has been raised in the right environment. Hence, it is possible to say that explanations which emphasize environmental factors, in other words that crime is linked to things that happened after birth, have become more prevalent. However, such approaches can still be based on emphasis on the human individual (Savage and Brearly, 2007, p. 63). Indeed, it is evident here that there is a link between the two perspectives. To say, these two theories are interdependent with each other. Analysis The development of the two perspectives in explaining can be traced in the history of crime and the formation of criminal laws and punishment. The development of the concept of crime throughout time is largely shaped by different factors. More importantly the disparities on the perception of crime on different societies are a reflection of the relativity of the criminality. When one talks about modern concept of crime, it is usually associated with the western ideas and notion of criminal justice. Indeed, majority of the criminal justice system today is shaped towards the western ideas of criminality. As a result, majority of the societies are western-oriented. With this increasing trend is an implication of the need to examine the nature of criminality as a social construct. On the other hand, the theory that individual criminality is not a question can be considered as a traditional form of looking into the nature and meaning of crime. Since the individual is the focus of this criminological endeavor, one can say that the influence of the society in this perspective is not as pervasive as the scholars perceive to be. Indeed, in the traditional sense, the society would not be of highly influence to individual criminality. But today, there are so many intricacies in social interactions such that the individuality of a person is highly shaped by its society or the environment. Overall, the bottom line of determining the nature of crime is to attempt in reducing or eliminating its occurrence. One can only stop the prevalence of crimes by looking into the deeper context of the concept of crime. Through the opposing perspective that crime is a social construct and that individual criminality is not at question, this paper was able to examine crime on a greater vista. On the social construction of crime perspective, it suggests that the easiest as well as the simplest manner of lessening the rate of crime is eliminate or reduce the criminalization of victimless crimes. The crime rate is considered to be a choice made by the society except in case of an anarchic situation. More importantly, the people in the prisons tell a lot about what kind of society one has (Welsh, 2005). In other words, there is a need to redefine the word and crime thus to give a new meaning or image to it. The society and the government need to explore the deeper context of crime and see where criminality can be situated. Conclusion The commitment of crime is almost an inevitable activity nowadays. Only few places are now considered to have a zero crime rate. In almost any place, the existence of crime can be observed. Its prevalence can be attributed to the kind of judicial system or the kind of government laws and policies that the place has. It can also be that the society per se is the main culprit on the existence of crime. Lastly, the role of individuals in the making of crime is inevitable. Being the main instrument in the realization of any crime, ones individuality cannot be set aside in the examination of criminality. Overall, the concern of this paper has been addressed through the critical reflection of the concept of criminology. Particularly, it emphasized on the idea that crime is a social construct as well as the individual criminality being not in question. The scope of this reflection includes the examination of the state practices, the society and the individuals. By looking into the different perspectives based on this scope of reflection, one is able to conclude that all perspectives tend to seek the liberation of those people whose lives have been affected by injustice. In the personal perspective or point of view of the author of this paper, it is believed that the nature of crime can be highly considered as a social construct. Indeed, the contemporary society has presented the people with the phenomenon of interconnectedness. Human beings are now closely connected with each other in one way or another. As such, they can be highly influenced by his/her fellow human beings as well as its surroundings. It is believed that there is a complex web of connections or interactions between men and its surroundings. Especially in the modern days, the study of ones individuality or personality cannot be complete without looking into the external factors or the society. The same is true with the case of criminality. It is not enough to study the meaning and concept of crime if it is on the context of the individual only. Especially in the modern world, the role of the environment is highly critical in the conduct of lives of every individual.