Economics Land Reform Essay

Lesson on LAND REFORM Land Reform – refers to the full range of measures that maybe taken to improve or remedy the defects in the relations among men with respect to their rights in Land. – Integrated set of measures designed to eliminate obstacles to economic and social development arising out of defects in the Agrarian structure. Agrarian Structure (also known as structural reform) is defined as a complex set of relationship within the agricultural sector between Tenure Structure, Production Structure, and Structure of Supporting services. 3 types: 1. Land Tenure Structure – is a concept which refers to one or more types of Land Tenure Systems regulating the rights to ownership, control and usage of Land and the duties accompanying such rights. 2. Production Structure – is a concept which relates to the nature, type and modus operandi as well as the actual process of production or farm operation. 3. Structure of Supporting Services – is a concept which involves matters like credit, marketing, the supplying of agricultural requisites, processing, storage and other technical assistance in so far as they have some immediate bearing on reforms of tenure and production structures. Agrarian Reform – (wider than Land Reform) the term comprises not only Land Reform but also the reform and development of complimentary institutional framework. It encompasses all programs designed to bring about improvement in all the institutions surrounding farm life. It is concerned not only with the farmer and the land he tills but also with the community he lives in. Philippine Agrarian Structures The pattern of land ownership in the Phils. Has been historically the major cause of social unrest. – by 1960, the problem of tenancy was far from being solved. Some 41% of all farms were cultivated by tenants as compared to 37% in 1948. – Tenancy is still deeply ingrained in our agrarian structure despite numerous land reform attempts of the government. – The problem was even more explosive in the rice – growing, the rate of tenancy was higher (31% in 1971). – These figures explain why the HUK influenced was strongest in Central Luzon and Cagayan Valley. It even resulted to: a. social time bomb in Negros Occidental and b. Sakdalista rebellion in Cabuyao Laguna Evils of Landlordism 1. Inquilinato System – under this system, the tenant bore all the risks. The absentee landlord merely waited for the harvest and collected annual rent. 2. Kasama System – the tenant usually furnished the land, farm tools, seeds and expenses for transplanting and harvesting. Although the sharing was regulated by la, abuses by the Land Lord continued unabated because of the weaker position of the tenants. 3. Takipan System – the tenant paid back two cavans of palay for every cavan that he borrowed. The rate of 100%. 4. Talindua and Terciahan – under the former, the rate of interest was 50%, under the latter, 33% or 1/3. If the Loan had been made in cash and was payable in kind, the scheme called for a 50-75% interest. 5. Latifundia – was the wrong kind of paternalism that it bred in some regions particularly in the Western Visayas. Under this system, the tenant goes to the Landlord for money when someone in the family died nor got married, birth, for school fees, harvest is damaged etc. †¢ Landlordism was often an unjust and inequitable system. But, even more, it was an obstacle to economic progress, because, our farmers were hindered from rising agricultural productivity, a must for long-run growth. LAWS OF AGRARIAN REFORM 1. P.D. 27 – law to emancipate the farmer from the bandage of soil – first law on Agrarian Reform (Oct. 21, 1972) 2. R.A. 1199 – Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954 (Amended by R.A. 2263) 3. R.A. 1400 – Land Reform Act of 1955 4. R.A. 3844 – Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1963 (Amended by R.A. 6384) 5. R.A. 6369 – Agrarian Reform special fund (1973) 6. PD No. 2 – declaring the entire Phil. As Land Reform area (1972) 7. E.O. No. 228 – declaring full land ownership to qualified farmer beneficiaries covered by PD 27. (July 17, 1987) 8. R.A. 6657 – Comprehensive Agrarian Reform law (1988) 9. E.O. 229 and Proc # 131 – Instituting a Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program 1987. Imperatives of Agrarian Reform a. Farmers to be independent landowners, increase their production, set them free from poverty and debt, and make them dignified participants in nation building. b. would liberate the capital for investment in new industries, which would increase production and provide employment to the expanding population and raise standard of living. c. It will correct the present imbalance in our society where there are enormous concentrations of land, wealth and power in the hands of a few. d. Not least, the land reform program will make democracy truly meaningful to the people. Lecture # 2 TAXATION Taxation – is the act of laying at tax, ie., the process or means by which the sovereign, through its law – making body, raises revenues to defray the necessary expenses of government. Taxes – are the enforced proportional contributions from persons and property levied by the Law-making body of the state by virtue of its sovereignty for the support of the government and all public needs. IMPORTANCE AND PURPOSE OF TAXATION a. Provide funds to promote general welfare and protection of its citizens b. to finance government’s multifarious activities and c. it is the lifeblood of the nation ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TAX 1. It is an enforced contribution 2. It is generally payable in money 3. It is proportionate in character 4. It is levied by the state which has jurisdiction over the person or property 5. it is levied on person and property 6. It is levied by the law-making body of the state and; 7. it is levied for the public purposes THEORY AND BASIS OF TAXATION 1. Existence of government is necessary. That it cannot continue without means to pay its expenses, thus it has a right to compel all its citizens and property within its limit to contribute. 2. The basis of taxation is found in the reciprocal duties of protection and support between the state and its inhabitants. (Benefit received principle) NATURE OF POWER OF TAXATION 1. It is inherent in sovereignty 2. it is legislative in character 3. it is subject to constitutional and inherent limitations CLASSIFICATIONS AND DISTINCTIONS 1. As to subject matter or object: a. Personal or Capitation – Tax of a fixed amount imposed on individual, residing within a specified territory. b. Property – imposed on property, whether real or personal. c. Excise – any tax which does not fall within the classification of a poll property tax. 2. As to purpose a. General, Fiscal, or Revenue – imposed for the general purposes of the government’s b. Special Regulatory – imposed for special purposes to achieve some social or economic ends irrespective of whether revenue is actually raised or not. 3. As to scope for Authority a. National – Tax imposed by the national government’s b. Municipal – or local – imposed by municipal or public corporations 4. As to determine of Account a. Specific – tax of fixed amount imposed by the head or number or by some standard of weight or measurement. b. Ad Valorem – Tax of a fixed proportion of the value of the property w/ respect to which the tax is assessed. 5. As to whom hears the burden a. Direct – Tax which is demanded from the person who also shoulders the burden fo the tax b. Indirect – demanded from one person in the expectation and intention that he should indemnity himself at the expenses of another. (ex. VAT) 6. As to Graduation or Rate a. Proportional – tax based on a fixed percentage of the amount of the property, income or other basis to be taxed. b. Progressive or graduated – Tax the rate of which increases as the tax base or bracket increases. c. Regressive – tax the rate of which decreases as the tax base or bracket increases. (we don’t have this kind). OTHER TERMS DISTINGUESHED FROM TAX 1.Revenue – refers to all the income derived by the government. (Tax is included as revenue). 2. Internal Revenue – refers to taxes imposed by the legislature other than duties on imports and exports. 3. Custom Duties – Taxes imposed on goods exported from or imported into a country. 4. Debt – Tax is not a debt. Debt is based on contract, it is assignable, maybe paid in kind and person w. debt cannot be imprisoned 5. Penalty – punishment for violation of law NATIONAL TAXES Income – ( for purposes of Tax) all wealth which flows into the tax payer other than as a mere return on capital. Income Tax – tax on a persons income, profits and the like realized in one taxable year. Gross Income –all income but not including exempt income and income subject to final income tax. Example are: 1. salaries/wages services including fees 2. commissions 3. sale of and other dealings in business 4. interests and rents 5. dividends and securities and 6. income derived form gambling and illegal means

The Needs of American Cities for Policing Policy

In analyzing the needs of American cities for policing policy for the future, race has to be considered in the equation. Researchers note that it is not possible to ignore the variable of race when describing the nature of policing in the United States. This includes efforts to develop a community policing concept, and race enters both for policing in the minority community and for the way policing does or does not use racial profiling so as to antagonize the minority community. In much of America, relations between the police and the African-American community have long been tense. In some regions, the police are viewed as an occupying army present not to protect the people but to control them and to keep them in their place. Numerous civil disturbances in recent decades can be traced to tensions between the police and the black community, from the riots of the summer of 1965 to the riot in Los Angeles after the first Rodney King verdict, from the problems in Crown Heights in New York to any number of disputed police shooting incidents in cities across the country. Even without a specific incident to set off a disturbance, there is often an underlying tension between poor black communities and the surrounding society, with the police serving as a symbol of that society: The very complex, diffuse, interrelated, but still independent nature of the social, political, and economic institutions within American society, supported by layers and layers of public and private bureaucracies often manipulated by elusive, anonymous power brokers, perpetually frustrate the attempts of Black Americans to modify and reorder societal arrangements in their favor. Therefore, the â€Å"system† is identified as the culprit (Wintersmith, 1974, p. 2). The fact that the police are the most likely target for black hostility and aggression, however, does not mean blacks do not have a real reason to fear the police or the rallying cry of â€Å"law and order†: For Black Americans this slogan connotes oppression, police occupation of Black communities, inequitable and selective police treatment, disregard for human and constitutional rights of Black citizens, and continued denial of equitable opportunity (Wintersmith, 1974, p. ). Community Policing is a program that links the actions of the police with citizen participation as part of an overall effort to solve the problems of the community by involving the community, and such an approach can help inform the public and gain public acceptance for the minority hire program a well. The community policing model is based on that sort of assumption and on the view that crime has many complex causes and that police departments cannot keep the streets safe by themselves. If crime is to be controlled, police must reach out to other local institutions, and indeed to the broader community at large, and create partnerships. Among the features of such a program are integrated investigations, team and neighborhood rather than a shift and divisional basis for officer deployment, foot patrols, and community service as a focus along with problem-oriented policing instead of mere crime-fighting. Programs of this sort mean a different structure for the police as well as altered functions, allocations of resources, and general attitude. This can be a challenge to traditional police department structures because the traditional method is to respond to citizen demand rather than to try to ascertain the underlying forces creating patterns of problems. The community policing method is proactive rather than responsive. The approach also calls attention to the degree to which the police are dependent on the public for support, information, and cooperation. A recent study suggests that the benefits of community policing may have been oversold to the public, but there are also indications that community policing needs to be given time to work and that the police and the community must become more comfortable with one another to create a better atmosphere (Moran & Bucqueroux, 1995, p. 1057). One way for the police to learn more about the neighborhood and the residents is to be residents themselves. Requiring officers to live in the community is seen as a way of enhancing the community policing effort in a variety of ways and of adding to the comfort level on both sides. Police and citizens should see themselves as part of the same community. Informal and casual contact between police officers and the public occurs at different rates in different communities. Often, members of the public keep their distance from police officers out of concern that they will be investigated or somehow drawn into police activity or because of a general distrust of the police: â€Å"American studies show high social isolation of police officers in comparison with people in other occupations (Guyot, 1991, p. 279). Some see the police as having isolated themselves intentionally, leaving them open to charges of abusing their authority by coming into neighborhoods in which they have no stake and using their power unwisely. Community policing is seen as a way of reversing this. Wilson and Kelling (1989) note of crime, â€Å"Most crime in most neighborhoods is local: the offenders live near their victims† (Wilson & Kelling, 1989, p. 46). This makes people in these neighborhoods feel less safe, just as they can be made to feel more safe if police offices live in the neighborhood. The officers need to be comfortable with the victims and to understand the perpetrators, and living in the community they serve. Bringing more minorities into the police department is also often emphasized as a way to reach and include the black community. The proper model for bringing new hires into the department and for finding more qualified minorities is recruitment rather than hiring. Most departments emphasize hiring, which means that applicants come in on their own and ask to join the department, after which they are evaluated. Recruitment involves seeking out qualified applicants and selling the idea and the department to them. This is a practice approach that can be conducted throughout the community, for individuals of all backgrounds, and this also avoids the quota stigma while including more minorities by identifying those who would fit the needs of the department. This still leaves a barrier in the form of the requirements for qualification, which need to be more flexible in order to emphasize training after acceptance rather than having the skills needed before applying. This idea would also extend the reach of the recruiter more deeply into minority groups (Carter & Radelet, 1999, p. 173). The development of a proper plan for implementing recruiting means determining need on several bases, including short-term needs, medium-term needs, and long-term needs. For all, the department needs to develop â€Å"a marketing plan for recruiting that includes operational, tactical, and strategic objectives† (Carter & Radelet, 1999, pp. 174-175). Developing a plan for hiring more minority officers can begin with analyzing what other departments have done to address the same issue, and some of what is found in a survey on the subject includes good recommendations for an approach to take. For instance, an Action Plan offered by the department in the Canadian city of Brantford includes noting that the minorities already in the department can be a great help in recruiting new minority hires by serving as the face of the department in certain communities. For instance, these officers can be depicted in recruitment materials in the law enforcement role whenever possible to encourage potential female and visible minority candidates. These officers can also be used to give active encouragement for the recruitment of potential candidates. They can also represent the department at high schools, colleges, and universities to attract potential candidates through continued participation in such things as the student co-op placement program, anti-vandalism program, and the High School Resource Officer program. These officers can also work with groups in the community representing the community diversity to build relationships and encourage potential candidates, which will also involve sitting on police liaison committees and hosting Citizenship Court (Recruiting Process, 2004). Allen (2003) suggests that the only way to keep police departments focused on minority hiring is by instituting an affirmative action program, but given recent court rulings and public attitudes, that is not a viable solution. Allen does note that keeping up with minority hiring is a problem because what is required always changes, as noted with reference to mesa, Arizona: The minority population is slowly yet steadily increasing. Both the increase in population and changes in ethnic demographics have affected the city's public safety needs and contribute to the department's difficulty in becoming more diverse (Allen, 2003). Among the problems noted for programs to hire more minorities are resistance from within from officers who feel threatened by change, community resistance, suits from those who believe they have been the target of reverse discrimination, and simple difficulties in finding qualified applicants. Programs useful in police hiring can be adapted to the specific needs of minority hiring. In order to improve the quality of police recruits in general, programs have been set up at the college and university levels in order to recruit better-educated officers. Such programs can be used effectively at traditionally back colleges and universities in order to garner attention and attract minority recruits from that population. Such an approach would also be key to bringing in more recruits who would be good candidates for advancement in order to improve the mix in managerial roles. One of the complaints leveled at some departments when they use affirmative action for minority hiring is that the level of recruits goes down, but this would not be the case with recruits attracted from minority colleges. Within the department, a mentor program can be created to empower existing minority officers to give assistance, training, and advice to new recruits, a program that would help all officers and the department as a whole and that would also be especially useful for keeping new minority hires on track so they do not get discouraged and resign, as often happens. The mentors also serve as role models of what advancement brings. Once the department is on it way to a more varied and advanced status, it can offer incentives to minority officers from other departments to transfer. This can be another way of gaining qualified recruits, especially for the management level, as such a move up can be offered as the incentive that attracts them in the first place. They can then serve as mentors to other minority applicants and help expand the reach of the department. Their experience can also be invaluable. Once these programs are in place, they must be maintained in order to keep the department fresh, at a proper level of minority employment, and at a high level of community involvement and service and a high level of overall competence. The degree of change in the department in terms of the makeup of the force will show how well the program is working, just as normal evaluations of the work performance of new hires and old will show that the change is beneficial to the department. This analysis shows that there is a need to consider race first in terms of the community and second in terms of the make-up of the police force. In both cases, this is because race remains a dividing issue and one that is exacerbated by most poling programs. Community policing offers at least the chance of improving the system and reducing both the threat to the community and antipathy from the community.

Did Georgia Violate international law in August 2008 conflict with Research Paper

Did Georgia Violate international law in August 2008 conflict with Russia - Research Paper Example As Georgia sought to gain its independence, South Ossetia wanted to gain its independence from Georgia as well (BBC News, â€Å"Europe). Separatist movements disturbed the peace too often in the region and consequently, Soviet troops were sent into South Ossetia as peacekeeping forces (BBC News, â€Å"Europe†). Armed and violent conflicts went on until 1992 when Georgia, South Ossetia and Russia agreed that peacekeeping forces (from their countries) should be deployed to the region. South Ossetia was subsequently restored as a territory of Georgia. However, things did not improve for South Ossetia. In 2006, the territory voted overwhelmingly in favour of independence from Georgia (BBC News â€Å"Europe†). This move was supported and favoured by Russia. This further increased the tension between Russia and Georgia. This brewing tension in the region finally came to a head when, in early August of 2008, Georgian troops clashed with separatist forces in South Ossetia. Thi s clash escalated into an aerial bombardment and ground attack by Georgia against South Ossetia on the 7th of August. Following said attack, Georgia took control of Tskhinvali, the capital of South Ossetia (Jotman, â€Å"Georgia-Conflict with Russia†). As claimed by the Russians, many of their citizens in South Ossetia were endangered. This prompted their attack on Georgia and their deployment of troops into South Ossetia. After several days, Russia was able to drive away Georgian troops and take control of Tskhinvali (Jotman, â€Å"Georgia-Conflict with Russia†). Russia also drove away Georgian forces in Abkhazia and later occupied other parts of Georgia (BBC News â€Å"Europe†). After a ceasefire agreement which was mediated by French President Sarkozy, Russia pulled out its forces towards South Ossetia and Abkhazia. It still however maintained its control on Ossetia’s borders. This

Commercial assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Commercial - Assignment Example Mistakes are most essential things that people should make to help them learn. This is because as it is often stated people learn through mistakes and for that reason, children should be allowed to make mistakes to help them to make them better and creative. The story of Jenny is also interesting because although she was disturbing teachers in school because she could not sit upright all she wanted was to dance (Robinson). However, the teachers did not see this potential or her creativity, but when the doctor realized it she made Jenny’s mum enroll her in a dance school. Education is becoming dynamic and people with degree are no longer recognized in the society as they used to and for that reason, the only thing that will help the younger generation is by becoming creative. A student enters in class to attend a lecture where they are all required to have personal computers. However, when James takes a sit she does not have any computer or any backpack to indicate that he might be carrying one. The teacher becomes furious first because he is late and second he is going to distract the other students as they share on PC. The lecturer points him out and asks him to leave. He asks the reason the teacher is asking him to leave and the teacher states that he will distract the calls if he shares the PC. He responds by removing a slim tablet from his pocket that has better features and that is more portable than the laptop. Everyone in the class is surprised and after class he show cases the features of the Tablet to the other student who in turn call the provider for a piece. Robinson, Ken. "Ken Robinson: How schools kill creativity | Talk Video | TED.com." TED: Ideas worth spreading. Rolex,  Feb.  2006. Web. 19  Nov.  2014.

Change and Development in the English Language Essay

Change and Development in the English Language - Essay Example In an analysis of the linguistic features of the Early Modern English in connection with the language of Shakespearean plays, it becomes obvious that the language used by Shakespeare belongs to the early years of Modern English and there is nothing standard about the orthography in Shakespearean English, a feature he shared with the Early Modern English.   An analysis of the two extracts from Shakespeare’s plays – King Lear, Act IV, Scene 6 and Henry V, Act III, Scene 2 – confirms that Shakespearean English illustrates the features of Early Modern English.One of the most essential examples of the change and development of the English language through the modern period is provided by the Shakespearean plays are and his plays are frequently termed as ‘modern’. Significantly, the English language has developed through various ages and the growth of the language during the early modern period can be best comprehended in a profound analysis of Shakespearean plays. Although there is an essential issue concerning Shakespeare’s connections with modernity as it is difficult to determine precisely when modernity began, the plays by Shakespeare provide the best example of modern English in its earliest times. In an analysis of the linguistic features of the Early Modern English in connection with the langu age of Shakespearean plays, it becomes obvious that the language used by Shakespeare belongs to the early years of Modern English and there is nothing standard about the orthography in Shakespearean English, a feature he shared with the Early Modern English.

The life of Thomas Alva Edison a Historical Look Research Paper

The life of Thomas Alva Edison a Historical Look - Research Paper Example This happened after he was credit with the creation of the first research laboratory for industrial use in Menlo Park (Melosi, 2008). Some of his contribution included the phonograph, electric bulb, telegraph, kinetograph and alkaline storage batteries (Stross, 2007). His work has been remembered since his death in the year 1931. Early life Thomas was born on February 11 the year 1847 in Milan, Ohio. He was the youngest child in his family after his mother had lost two children in their early life. After being one of the first elites in the United States, he has had tremendous contribution to both technical and theoretical works. His life career was a business and inventor (Stout, 2008). He used his inventions to make money since at the time most of the Elites in the United States had started accumulating wealth. Due to their education, they had been respect in the society and most took this advantage to come up with new ideas of wealth creation. His hometown was a very busy one and contributed to his early works as a youth. However, after the railway bypassed Milan, it led to the fading of trade in the area. Trade was the main social activity and source of income. After trade had faded, Thomas and his family moved to Port Huron where they started a new life with hopes of better sources of income. In this new location, Thomas gained most of his early education from his mother who by then was a schoolteacher. Since it was her son’s life, she took great care of him and provided extensive education program. She was highly motivated by his son’s interest in science and external matters. He wanted to know how life was outside the Huron town. Early Career: a historical look At the age of 12, Thomas had some much interest in locomotives and especially due to reason that the railway had passed through his previous hometown. To learn more about the systems, he secured a job with a newspaper company to sell newspapers, novels, and magazines. This also motiv ated him in his reading during his free time. He visited the library several times to read books on science. After a short time selling newspapers, he started publishing his own newspaper known as the Weekly Herald. Due to his focus on railways, the paper featured railroad matters and hence attracted a large number of subscriptions from Grand Trunk. Profits from his newspaper publishing company were used to start a laboratory, which was to be used in science experiments. Unfortunately, he started losing his hearing caused by ear infections while he was a child. On scrutiny, he claimed that it was an asset since he did not have to hear what people told him as he slept. It also helped him during his reading sessions since there were no distractions for the outside. Profits from his newspaper publishing company were used to start a laboratory, which was to be used in science experiments. At the age of 24, he had already started a laboratory and factory across the Hudson River in Newark , New Jersey. He had carried out a research and noted that the people of Newark needed telegraph machines for their businesses to run well. His telegraph business started picking up after he added installations that made relaying of two messages to different lines at the same time possible. To increase the capital base, he made partnerships with the highest available bidders. His company became of Western Union’

Sports marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sports marketing - Research Paper Example They may also sponsor individual players or in some cases, teams. (Huguelet, 2010). Planning of the whole process of sports marketing commences with the objectives of the corporation and its mission statement. (Kriemadis and Terzoudis, 2007, p. 32). The process of marketing sports fundamentally involves use of 4 Ps, namely, product, pricing, promotion and place (Summers and Morgan, 2005, p. 6). Indeed, these are the 4 most critical factors that decide the success of a sports event. â€Å"The level of support for a football club is a key variable for matchday revenue and also determines most other club revenue streams† (Kase, 2007, p. 278). Sports and business have many traits in common. For example, â€Å"sport and business share values such as the magnitude of teamwork, line of attack and striving also toward a goal† (Hameed, n.d.). The professionals involved in sports marketing also work to address the concerns of an individual country by promoting its team. They may also work for organizers of some professional tournament. Either way, they promote the individual team or event. Sports marketing professionals cardinally make use of advertisements to achieve their objects. Radio, internet, newspapers and television are commonly chosen as the means to announce games coming in near future. Many times, the sports marketing professionals make use of unusual strategies to gather large number of visitors to see the match. They do so by offering to give away their products to the public via lottery or such other schemes. Also, many sports marketing professionals carry out market research to investigate the popularity of individual athletes among public. They require this information so that they may be able to launch a successful advertisement by making that athlete, part of the advertisement of their product. Entities like Fantasy Frontline remain on the forefronts of sports news reporting, and hence, play an

Ethical and Moral Principles in a Business Environment Essay

Ethical and Moral Principles in a Business Environment - Essay Example Wal – Mart is one of the biggest retailers in the world and stands at the first position in the list of the fortune 500 companies. Wal-Mart has been in the industry since 1962. Wal-Mart has wide operations spread across 14 markets, 7390 Wal – Mart stores. The company employees over 2 million associates. It is the largest employer in the US. The company was started with a vision of becoming the world leaders in retailing. Over the past years, the company has been able to gain the position of the world’s largest retail company and is thrice as big as its closest competitor. The company’s mission has always been to provide the customers with best products and services at reasonable prices. The company’s main values and beliefs are – respecting individuals, service to the customers and striving for excellence. The company’s signature for almost five decades has been Everyday low prices.The company has been said to keep a watch on the repor ters and critics as well. This is not a good idea as it cannot repair the reputation of the plaguing company. Wal Mart has a serious health issue and the thug-like tactics only create a bigger scope for the critics of the company. The company has been known to take a lot of interest in the spy toys and the criticism of their business is not well received by the company. The company has also led up the extent of recording the calls of the employees to spy on them. The company has highlighted that this is mainly in the case of extreme cases.

Eusebio Camachos Autobiography Essay Example for Free

Eusebio Camachos Autobiography Essay My name is Eusebio Camacho. I am still in high school, I am a senior and I plan to go to Texas AM International University. One thing that I want and that also is part of my goals is study something that has to do with criminal justice, a lawyer. Since I was a kid, I always thought that in the future I will be one of the best lawyers, and now I am a teenager I still want that. That is the only career that I am interested now. I like to fight for the right thing, so that is why I want to be a lawyer, to fight for the right thing always. Another goals that I had in mind but that I am almost for achieve is go to the university, I will be the first one in my family who will go to university, that is why I am excited to go to college. I really hope that I can achieve my goal which is being a lawyer and if that comes true, I want to help all the innocent people who are in jail. I want to fight for the rights of all the people who does not have money and that the justice accused them for something that they did not do it. Thanks to my family now I am the person who I am. I really do not know what I will do without them. They supported me and they still do it, they are always there for me, teaching me what it is good and what not. Now I am a person who is responsible for all my obligations, I appreciate that they give me the opportunity to study, which is why i am grateful now. I appreciate all the opportunities that are in my way. I am an honest person; they taught me that lies do not bring you good consequences. I also am the kind of person who never gives up until I get what I want. My parents taught me that if I really want something, I should fight for it. I like to be super organized, because that way I can always know where I leave my things. I love to make new friends, I am super friendly. I can be shy all the time, but when a person really knows me they will say that from shy I have nothing. I absolutely am a good listener, maybe I do not give the best advice but I do my best. I love to hear people, not matter if what they are going to tell me is boring or not. I do not like be sad for negative comments from other people, I love myself and that is never going to change, I am good with myself. I always do what I want to, I do not like to depend from other people. That is who I am and what are my goals in the future, which hopefully i will achieve.

The Bildungsroman in Victorian Novels Essay Example for Free

The Bildungsroman in Victorian Novels Essay The Bildungsroman Genre. The narrative mode Dickens has adopted aligns his novel with the Bildungsroman  genre of literature. The term  Bildungsroman  is a German word meaning novel of formation or education novel. A  Bildungsroman  novel frequently puts an emphasis on the moral and psychological development of its protagonist. Morality is an important theme in  Great Expectations, one of the episodes of  Great Expectations  which illustrates the conventions of the  Bildungsroman form is the storys opening which immediately establishes the protagonists orphaned status with the young Pip contemplating the graves of his dead parents. The figure of the orphan illustrates Dickenss innovative engagement with the  Bildungsroman  genre, as Pip could be viewed as a blank slate, or tabula rasa, in that his mind isnt informed by any external psychological influence from his parents. Instead his shrewish older sister and her husband, the kindly and unassuming blacksmith Joe Gargery, are raising him. Initially Pip is content with his humble surroundings, although his class-consciousness receives a rude awakening on his first visit to Satis House. Here he encounters Miss Havisham and her ward Estella, the latter of whom takes delight in continually reminding the protagonist of his lowly status. When Estella remarks on Pips coarse hands and thick boots, and his habit of calling knaves Jacks when they are playing cards together, she is expressing her contempt of his background. Even though Pip is hurt by her taunts, he still becomes infatuated with Estella, and it is this attraction which triggers his own animosity towards his origins. Sometime after Pip has come of age and has been working in the forge with Joe, the lawyer Jaggers informs him of an anonymous benefactor who wishes to make the protagonist a gentleman. Incorrectly Pip assumes this benefactor to be Miss Havisham, and starts to entertain the belief that the old spinster intends him for Estella. This episode heralds a great advance in the protagonists own snobbery and delusion, as he sets off for London, putting his origins in the Kent marshlands behind him. While Pip is enjoying the leisurely life of a gentleman in the capital, he receives a letter from his old acquaintance Biddy, stating that Joe has come up to London and would like to visit him. Pips disdain for the blacksmith is revealed in his reservations concerning such a prospect: If I could have kept him away by paying money, I certainly would have paid money . When the protagonist returns to his hometown for his sisters funeral, his snobbery is further evinced on his insistence at staying in the Blue Boar inn in town, as opposed to the forge with Joe. His actions are evidence of the  Bildungsroman  narratives preoccupation with moral and psychological development. Pips final exchange of wealth and status for friendship and humility indicate how he has matured as a protagonist. On the other hand, the novel by Thomas Hardy, Tess of the D’urbervilles, has not made any case for the novel’s being a Bildungsroman. Tess has been called a â€Å"fundamentally changeless† ballad heroine; her story has been referred to as â€Å"mythological† a â€Å"personification of rural Wessex† a representation of the agricultural community in its moment of ruin†. However, categorising and allegorizing Tess’s story, it is possible to lose sight of the novel’s unrelenting focus on Tess the individual as she attempts to make something of her life. Holding that the novel â€Å"develops a single theme, the life-history of one person, and sends this uninterrupted forward†. Thomas Hardy, in his time plan for the novel, graphically stressed the centrality of Tess’s experience as he carefully noted the dates of the novel’s events in relation to Tess’s age. What Tess attempts to do during the brief portion of her life dramatized by Hardy makes her story one of coming of age, in other words, the novel ought to be viewed as a Bildungsroman.

Chateau De Fontainebleau: Decorative Themes

Chateau De Fontainebleau: Decorative Themes Sixteenth Century Decoration at the Chateau de Fontainebleau The decoration at Fontainebleau, the royal hunting lodge of Francois I, was led by Rosso Fiorentino in 1530. In 1532 Rosso was joined by Francesco Primaticcio, who held the position of first importance at Fontainebleau after the death of Rosso in 1540[1]. In 1552 Niccolà ² dellAbbate arrived at Fontainebleau, and together with Primaticcio decorated the Gallery of Ulysses in the Palace. Much of the original work has been lost and what remains has needed to be heavily restored. This essay will look at the style characteristics of the decoration visible today focusing on the frescoes in the Gallery of Francois I and the bronze relief by Cellini. The latent themes in the decoration of the chateau are typically representative of the Mannerist style of art that took a hold across Europe during the 1500’s. As Bosquet phrases it, ‘Mannerism is not a simple phenomenon; it is idealism, but it is also naturalism; it is evasion, but it is also joy of life and hope in the future.’[2] The changing nature of the social and economic climate led to experimentation and absorption in the arts, and to pioneering styles which would be followed during later decades. In The Royal Elephant by Rosso (http://www.musee-chateau-fontainebleau.net.). the form of the elephant, which symbolises Wisdom and Loyalty[3] dominates the composition. Sixteenth century royalty primed themselves for being talented and learned; qualities which would ultimately lead to wisdom, strength and honour. Baldassare Castiglione, in his Cortegiano (1528)[4], cites the talents which a good courtier should possess. ‘The courtier was versed in all the sports (riding, fencing, wrestling, swimming); he had, in addition to strength and skill, acquired grace and elegance of movement by practicing dancing and gymnastics (..) should know not only the Latin language, but also Greek , that he should be well versed in the works of the poets and, furthermore, that he should be proficient in writing both prose and verse.’ It is quite probable that the composition of The Elephant is designed to reflect these qualities in King Francois I himself. The animal is placed centrally, with the surrounding figures looking beneath and behind it, thus drawing atte ntion to its sheer size and presence. The sculpted dragon, a symbol of strength and courage, takes central place above the scene of the fresco: in both the dragon and the elephant exceptional attention has been paid to the clarity of line in the gentle curves of their forms. These shapes are reflected in the curving stucco surrounds which are moulded to reach into the picture, thus drawing the eye into the scene. The elaborately decorative surrounds mark the beginning of a trend of such decoration (which would later be imitated in paint) which continued within the School of Fontainebleau. Stucco was an antique medium which was rediscovered in the sixteenth century and encouraged the invention of ‘exotic and peculiarly fluid conjunctions of forms.’[5] Here we see twisted scroll-like forms framing the picture. The scene depicts a number of figures, crowded in places, creating a slightly chaotic atmosphere; this is juxtaposed against the serenity of the great elephant whic h stands rider less. This could suggest that Rosso was intending to reflect not only the character of Fontainebleau’s inhabitants, but also the character of the chateau itself. In other words, the serenity amidst the chaos could here represent the rural oasis of the princely court set apart from the public chaos of the city. During the sixteenth century it was not uncommon to for artists to be both painters and sculptors. In fact, according to Hauser[6], French mannerism produced incomparably more works in sculpture than in painting. Francesco Primatticio first combined allegorical painting in moulded plasterwork at Fontainebleau a style that was to influence the later baroque and rococo decoration. In plate 198 (Hauser, 1965) a mural decoration originally by Primaticcio, the actual mural appears small in size to the surrounding decoration, the elaborate frame almost becoming more important than the picture itself. The stucco framing is treated as if it were leather or paper, slashed and rolled into the fine detail of fruit and the gently curving female figures. In plate 198 there is a suggestion of early eroticism; the partially revealed naked upper bodies of the women figures becomes a popular theme in expressive sixteenth century art. There too can be seen the mythological figure Pan with goats†™ horns, and in ‘Danae’, plate 199[7], the winged cherub signifies the highest ranking of the hierarchy of angels[8]. These images represent the extremes of experience sought after in an age of sensuality. Primaticcio expresses the lusty enjoyment of the era through the image of Pan who represents hedonism, and in contrast the spiritual refinement of the cherub suggests the richness of sixteenth century spiritual life where dreams and visions were of great inspiration to artists. Blunt[9] suggests that Primaticcios style, as it can be seen from his drawings for the Chambre du Roi and from the mantelpiece from the Chambre de la Reine was influenced by his time spent in Mantua,[10] where he executed classical friezes in the Sala degli Stucchi in the Palazzo del Tà ¨: The fruit swags on the mantelpiece recall those in the Palazzo del Tà ¨, and the sphinxes are cousins of those in the Sala di Fetonte. The general design is classical in its emphasis on circular and square panels, but the proportions of the figures are elongated like those in the stuccos on the vault of the Sala degli Stucchi. The whole effect, moreover, is richer than anything to be seen in Mantua, mainly because of the higher relief.[11] It appears that the artists who decorated the palace in France were expanding the ideas which they had been working on in Italy. As can be seen from the Galerie dUlysse some of the decoration was extremely complex and took many years to complete. The gallery was of immense length, and filled the whole side of the Cour du Cheval Blanc on the first floor. The walls were decorated with a series of paintings illustrating the story of Ulysses which, as Blunt suggests, show Primaticcio as a master of academic design ‘in a style more affected than previously by Michelangelesque influence, particularly in the scenes of violent action.’[12] The appearance of The Salle de Bal differs as the form of the building was more difficult to decorate. The zones and the spaces under the window embrasures were decorated by Primaticcio probably between 1552 and 1556. The condition of surviving paintings is poor, but from drawings made (Hauser, plate 43A) we can see that Primaticcio intended a symmetric design not unlike Raphaels decorations in the Farnesina.[13] This design works well in the limited space available and differs to Raphael’s work as it depicts whole scenes rather than two or three figure groups. Being employed by the royal courts had a significant effect on the artists’ style of the decoration at Fontainebleau. Paul III declared, when Benvenuto Cellini was brought before him accused of murder, that such a man was above the laws[14]. While being held in high esteem allowed the artists considerable independence in their work they had also to consider what their patrons expected and required of them. Cellini’s bronze relief ‘Nymph of Fontainebleau’ was originally designed for the Porte Doree[15] but it was never installed at Fontainebleau. The grand lunette (409205 cm) illustrates the legend of the chà ¢teau’s origins, and because of the importance of its intended position it had to be strikingly beautiful and symbolic. The nymph encircles the neck of a stag, an emblem of the King, and it is thought that the relief was inspired by an image by Rosso now only known through an engraving by Pierre Milan[16]. According to the local legend, a huntin g dog named Bleau found a nymph beside a fresh-water spring. The spring and, consequently, the chà ¢teau both took the name Fontainebleau. In Rosso‘s engraving the reclining nymph lies among the rushes, with her left arm around an urn. She is nude but her legs are bent slightly at the knees for modesty’s sake. Marsengil suggests that Cellini expands this imagery to describe, ‘not simply the narrative of the nymph’s discovery, but the very idea of the nymph as the personification of the royal hunting lodge. (..) she has three urns under her left arm from which flowing and curling representations of water pour. These, as well as the billowing drapery that frames her, identify the female figure as the presiding deity.’[17] Cellini’s figure stretches across the entire scene so that her nudity is not covered this represents the boldness and sanctity with which Cellini deliberately associated the King and his wife, and also reflects the dynamism w ith which he executed his works at Fontainebleau. As well as exploring new territory with figurative painting, the Fontainebleau artists such as Nicolo dell’Abbate also developed landscapes. As Arnold Hauser says of dell‘Abbate ‘as a landscape painter he enriched mannerism with a new and autonomous form.’[18] In plate 114 (Hauser, 1965) the painting depicts a pastoral scene, the smoothly curving forms of the figures reflecting the swell of the landscape behind them. Dell’Abbate appears to seek balance and unity as well as beauty in his landscapes. Work such as this contrasts greatly to some of Rosso’s frescoes where he mixes themes and types of character into one scene. For instance, The Revenge of Nauphlius and The Sacrifice[19] where the bishop retreats to the rear of the scene while mothers with children predominate the front; Rosso deliberately juxtaposes these figures as he does the elements represented by the jugs and the burning offering. As can be seen from the differing work of dell ’Abbate and Rosso, the Mannerist movement stretched to include a diverse range of subjects and styles. The exploitation of space in the landscape by dell’Abbate and the fresco by Rosso represent two totally opposite conceptions. In one, relatively shallow space is crammed with an incredible accumulation of figures, objects and details; in the other, a deep space is created and is left almost completely empty except for the figures threshing the hay. In both cases this draws the eye to the figures and their relationship to each other and their surroundings. As Bosquet says, Rather than the abolition of space, we are confronted in Mannerism with a more complete mastery over the use of space, a freeing of space through plays of perspective or the creation of atmospheric effects.[20] The use of colour might help explore how such effects were created in the Fontainebleau decorations. In Rosso’s ’Venus Frustree’ (http://www.musee-chateau-fontainebleau.net.). the entire composition is constructed and coloured to create a serene yet fluid ambience. The utilisation of colour seen in this painting is executed with subtle stridencies and dissonances between the pale female skin tone and the marble-like male figures in the background. The central figure combines together the colouring and figurative elements of the entire scene: she walks towards the right hand side of the painting while looking back behind her thus uniting the two sides. Furthermore, her skin tone is soft, and under painted with the aqua green of her surround, while still imbued with the marble-like qualities of a statue. This amalgamation of different effects is complimented by the use of stucco for the figures of a man and woman which frame the fresco. The interpretation given of this painting[21] is that Venus is trying to awake the deadened Love when Mars has left for the war. The scene expresses war coming to disturb the happy love life. The naked figures in stucco of th e young man and woman also suggest the admiration that Rosso held for Michaelangelo In conclusion, the sixteenth century works at Fontainebleau are diverse in their style and expression. Some of the themes are difficult to decipher as they were specifically created for a closed, aristocratic circle to whom they were perfectly understandable and greatly enjoyed for their erudition and allegorical expression. There are however consistent themes of myth and allegory combined with a dynamic use of space, form and colour. The decorations are clever in that they embrace new styles and bold subjects while fulfilling the standards of excellence and appropriateness expected by the rulers of the court, and it is of no surprise that such work became an important influence in later classical styles of art. Bibliography Blunt, A., 1953. Art and Architecture in France, 1500 to 1700. Melbourne: Penguin Bousquet, J., and Taylor, S., W., (transltr) 1964. The Painting and Style of the Late Renaissance. New York: Braziller Franklin, D., 1994. Rosso in Italy. London: Yale University Press Hauser, A., 1965. Mannerism: the crisis of the Renaissance and the origin of modern art. London: Routledge Hauser, A., 1965. Mannerism: the crisis of the Renaissance and the origin of modern art. (prints). London: Routledge Marsengil, K., Identity Politics in Renaissance France: Cellini’s Nymph of Fontainebleau,(http://www.fsu.edu/~arh/events/athanor/athxix/AthanorXIX_marsengill.pdf) Shearman, J., 1977. Mannerism: Style and Civilisation. Middlesex: Penguin. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherubim. http://www.metmuseum.org http://www.musee-chateau-fontainebleau.net. Further Reading Champney, E.W., 1901, Romance of the Renaissance Chateaux. New York: Putnam Dutton, R., 1957, The Chateaux of France, London: Batsford Sterling, C., 1955. A Catalogue of French Paintings. Volume: 1. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. De Girolami Cheney, L., 1997, Readings in Italian Mannerism. New York: Peter Lang. Murray, L., 1977. The High Renaissance and Mannerism: the North and Spain, 1500-1600. London: Thames and Hudson Smart, A., 1972, The Renaissance and Mannerism outside Italy. London: Thames and Hudson. 1 Footnotes [1] Bosquet, J., and Taylor, S., W., (transltr) 1964. The Painting and Style of the Late Renaissance. New York: Braziller, p.64. Hereafter cited as ‘Bosquet.’ [2] Bosquet, p.60. [3] http://www.chateaudefontainebleau.net [4] Bosquet, p.62. [5] Shearman, J., 1977. Mannerism: Style and Civilisation. Middlesex: Penguin, p.121. [6] Hauser, A., 1965. Mannerism: the crisis of the Renaissance and the origin of modern art.  London: Routledge, p.242. [7] Hauser, A., 1965. Mannerism: the crisis of the Renaissance and the origin of modern art.  London: Routledge, plate 199. [8] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherubim). [9] Blunt, A., 1953. Art and Architecture in France, 1500 to 1700. Melbourne: Penguin, p.35. Hereafter cited as ‘Blunt’. [10] ‘Blunt’, p.35. [11] ‘Blunt’, p.36. [12] ‘Blunt’, p.36. [13] ‘Blunt’, p.65. See plate 43A [14] ‘Bosquet’, p.72. [15] Marsengil, K., Identity Politics in Renaissance France: Cellini’s Nymph of Fontainebleau, (http://www.fsu.edu/~arh/events/athanor/athxix/AthanorXIX_marsengill.pdf) [16] Ibid, p.2. [17] Ibid, p.2. [18] Hauser, A., 1965. Mannerism: the crisis of the Renaissance and the origin of modern art.  London: Routledge, p.214. [19] Franklin, D., 1994. Rosso in Italy. London: Yale University Press, p.199. [20] ‘Bosquet’, p.143. [21] www.musee-chateau-fontainebleau.net.

Young Goodman Brown :: Literary Analysis, Hawthorne

In the story "Young Goodman Brown", Nathaniel Hawthorne uses a dream to illustrate a young man’s loss of innocence, understanding of religion and his community. Through this dream, the main character Young Goodman realizes that the people that he surrounds himself with are not who he believes them to be. The story of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† focuses on the unconscious mind. The characters in this short-story are able to represent the struggle of Young Goodman’s superego, ego, and id. Representing the superego is Young Goodman’s wife Faith. Her name becomes a multi-layered metaphor. Hawthorne writes, "And Faith, as the wife was aptly named, thrust her own pretty head into the street, letting the wind play with the pink ribbons on her caps while she called to Goodman Brown" (Kelly, 190). This statement suggests that Brown's wife’s name is symbolic. Faith is condensed to represent innocence, the Puritan religion and Brown’s consciousness. Since, young girls are often equated with pink. The pink ribbons in her hair serve to symbolize her innocence. When Brown meets the man in the woods he says, "Faith kept me back awhile" (Kelly, 191). In this case Faith represents the Puritan religion. The next character is Young Goodman Brown himself. His name also becomes a multilayered metaphor. Being known as â€Å"young† represents Goodman Browns innocence and virtue. He is also condensed to represent his own consciousness. But, by leaving his wife, Faith, Young Goodman Brown is giving into the unconscious. "He had taken a dreary road, darkened by all the gloomiest trees of the forest, which barely stood aside to let the narrow path creep through, and closed immediately behind" (Kelly, 191). Taking this path that closes behind him represents Young Goodman’s decent into the unconscious and his loss of innocence. On this journey he soon meets a man who is a condensation of several different factors. The man represents the devil, as well as Brown unconscious mind. The next character is the man who Brown meets up with in the woods. This man is described as, "one who knew the world, and who would not have felt abashed at the governor's dinner table or in King William's court" (Kelly, 191). This man can be seen as the devil. He possesses features that illustrate him as the devil. For example his walking staff is described as having "the likeness of a great black snake, so curiously wrought that it might almost be seen to twist and wriggle itself like a living serpent" (Kelly, 191-192).

Essay on Rewriting History in Henry IV -- Henry IV Henry V Essays

Rewriting History in Henry IV      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The master of historiography is, perhaps, Shakespeare as evidenced by his History Plays. Whereas most writers merely borrow from history to fuel their creative fires, Shakespeare goes so far as to rewrite history. The First Part of Henry the Fourth follows history fairly closely, and Shakespeare draws this history primarily from Raphael Holinshed's Chronicle of England, Scotland, and Ireland and from Samuel Daniel's verse epic The Civil Wars (Abrams 823).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The play opens shortly after Henry Bolingbroke has usurped the throne from Richard II, becoming the fourth King Henry, and changing the royal lineage from the House of Plantagenet to the House of Lancaster. In the opening sequence, Henry IV is in the process of vowing peace in England and promising a crusade to liberate the Holy Land. No motive for this crusade surfaces in 1 Henry IV, other than the fact that it is some unfinished business from Shakespeare's preceding play Richard II (Kelly 214). Henry's pledge of civil peace is ironic because during this first scene he receives word that his troops have been overtaken by Glendower in Wales, and Hotspur has met and defeated the Scots in the North (1.1.36-61). To the news, the King replies, "It seems then that the tidings of this broil / Brake off our business for the Holy Land" (1.1.47-8). Postponing the business in Jerusalem, Henry IV eventually leads England into civil war with Hotspur a t the Battle of Shrewsbury. These actions will ultimately ignite the War of the Roses between the Lancasters (Henry IV's family) and the Yorks (descendants of Richard II).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The play then shifts its focus to the younger Henry, nicknamed Hal. Shakespeare portrays the ... ... as king. Shakespeare the Historian is not so wonderful as Shakespeare the Playwright, yet through Shakespeare's History Plays many modern readers draw their knowledge of the history prior to Shakespeare.    Works Cited * Drabble, Margaret, ed. The Oxford Companion to English Literature. 5th Ed. New York: Oxford UP, 1985. * Jacob, E. F. The Fifteenth Century: 1399-1485. London: Oxford UP, 1961. * Kelly, Henry Ansgar. Divine Providence in the England of Shakespeare's Histories. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1970. * McFarlane, K. B. Lancastrian Kings and Lollard Knights. London: Oxford UP, 1972. * Rowse, A. L. Bosworth Field: From Medieval to Tudor England. New York: Doubleday, 1966. * Shakespeare, William. 1 Henry IV. Ed. M. H. Abrams. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Vol. 1, 6th ed. New York: Norton, 1993.   

Coop

Cooperative ManagementSubmitted By: Cherlyn Ohoy Submitted To: Ms. Crispina Corpuz Date of Submission: October 15, 2012 AMPC: â€Å"FOCCUS COOP† Background of the Cooperative FOCCUS  (Finance Organization achieving Certified Credit Union Standard)  is a brand awarded to AMPC by the World Council of Credit Union based in the United States through CUES (Credit Union Empowerment and Strengthening) last 2003. Being branded a â€Å"FOCCUS† coop is a stamp of class and a seal of guarantee of the members’ financial investment security, as well as, its excellent, efficient and quality service. History of the cooperative Founded in  June 19, 1991  by  Ã‚  21  MARKET VENDORS  in Agdao Public Market Contribution per pioneer member was P3,000  for a total Share Capital of P63,000 Old name was  AGDAO MARKET VENDORS MULTI-PURPOSE COOPERATIVE  (AMVMPC) Core values A –  Action-oriented  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C –  Competency G –  Generosity  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  O –  Organized  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   D –  Discipline  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  O –  Open-mindedness A –  Accountability  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  P –  Perseverance O –  Optimism The Mission and Vision * MISSION * To uplift the quality of life of its members through the provision of quality products and services; and continuous promotion of cooperativism. VISION * A dynamic, strong and sustainable cooperative in Mindanao, whose members are empowered and working together in a spirit of cooperation, social justice, equity and peace towards total human development. How to join * Attend one hour free Pre-membership Educational Seminar (PMES) at any AMPC Office. Scheduled daily (morning and afternoon). * Fill-up Application Form for Membership and attached most recent photo ID. (1 pc. 1X1 and 1 pc. 2X2). * Submit photocopy of Birth Certificate or Marriage Contract. * Pay the required amount of Membership Contribution. The Products and Services Offered * PRODUCTS * SAVINGS DEPOSIT  (Earns 4. 5% per annum) * YOUTH SAVINGS (1 month old to 17 years old) * REGULAR SAVINGS (18 years old and above) TIME DEPOSIT| Regular Time Deposit| RANGE OF AMOUNTS| Months| | 3| 6 | 9 | 12| 3 YEARS (net of tax)| 10,000 – 20,000| 5%| 6%| 7%| 8%| 8%| 20,001 – 50,000| 6%| 7%| 8%| 9%| 9%| 50,001 – 100,000| 7%| 8%| 9%| 10%| 10%| 100,001 – 400,000| 8%| 9%| 10%| 11%| 11%| 400,001 – 900,000| 9%| 10%| 11%| 12%| 12%| 900,001 & ABOVE| 10%| 11%| 12%| 13%| 13%| | | . | | | | | | | | * TERMS: Three to 12 months period are subject to tax. Three years period are withdrawable only upon maturity and tax free. Rates are subject to change without prior notice. * Special  Time Deposit TERM:  P1,000 – 9,999   has 6% interest per annum. SHARE CAPITAL Minimum share is P1,000 Minimum of 10% interest per annum (dividends) Not withdrawable. * LOAN PRODUCTS 1. Capacity-based(max of P500,000. 00) 2. Providential 3. Agricultural 4. Commercial 5. Real Estate Interest rate of 3% per month based on diminishing balance or 1. 623% per month effective rate. Affordable repayment terms: 12-24 months. Emergency Loan -Based on Share Capital (max of P5,000. 0). * MORTUARY AID TRUST FUND P15 contribution per Regular Member. P5 contribution per Associate Member. Pro-rated contribution for less than a year member. * SERVICES 1. BOTIKA NG KOOPERATIBA * Gamot na Mura, Epektibo Pa 2. LIFE INSURANCE * Group Life and Accident with Fire Insurance (GLAFI) Annual Premium P250. * GADDI-Annual Premium  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ P230: Benefit P20,000. * Coop AKSI Plan – Annual Premium – P100: Benefir P20,000. * Keyman Accident Protector Plan for as low as P1,800 per annum with P1,000,000 coverage. * AMPC Family Insurance – Annual Premium P150. 3. NON-LIFE INSURANCE * Fire Insurance Cash Assistance (FICA) * Home Protek500; Annual Premium of P500 pesos. * Home Assure for as low as P1,905 Annual Premium. * Standard Fire Insurance/Motor Car Insurance. 4. HEALTH CARE (Annual Premium P1,300) * Unlimited Consultation for Member and Members' immediate dependents. * Unlimited Basic Laboratory Services and Diagnostic Procedures for members only. Hospital confinement-in-patient. * Health Care coverage on top of PhilHealth: P1,500 per day or P20,000 aggregate per year and another surgical benefit of P10,000 aggregate per year. Social Responsibilities 1. 2. SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM 3. Technical Education Assistance 4. FEEDING PROGRAM 5. BLOOD BANK 6. â€Å"Dugo Mo, Kinabuhi Ko† 7. HOG DISPERSAL PROGRAM 8. ADOPT-A-SITE 9. LIVELIHOOD SEMINARS Financial Highlights * Operation Highlights as of December 31, 2008 * MEMBERSHIP   * DEPOSITS * SHARE CAPITAL| * REVENUE   * ASSETS GROWTH * NET SURPLUS| TAGUM COOPERATIVE Background of the Cooperative Tagum Cooperative has also now ventured into funeral service known as â€Å"funecare. † According to Tagum Coop Chairperson Norma R. Pereyras, the funecare is intended to respond to its members’ clamor for a â€Å"womb-to-tomb† complete service to them. The funecare service has filled in the gap toward a total member service satisfaction. â€Å"Tagum Cooperative gives value to its industry name. It is sensitive to its public image as a top-ranked cooperative. It does not sit on its laurels. It continues to innovate to benefit its members. And despite its greatness in the sector, it has kept its humility as an institution. No wonder, it has evolved into a model and well-respected cooperative. I will not be surprised if Tagum Cooperative is declared the best managed coop in the entire Philippines or in this part of Asia. To our mind, it is a fact waiting to happen in just a matter of time,† the CDA regional director concluded. History of the cooperative Almost forty years  ago,  Tagum Cooperative  was just an obscure, self-surviving money lending institution. Now, it is a world-class Savings and Credit Cooperative recently adjudged  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Winner†Ã‚  both in  Regional and National Categories of the Business Excellence Award for Small and Medium enterprise (SMEs) organized by the Philippines Small and Medium Business Development Foundation, Inc. PHILSMED) The Business Excellence Award for SMEs was received by the Tagum Cooperative Chairperson, Ms. Norma R. Pereyras, herself a Regional and National Awardee for Outstanding Volunteer for Best Practices, 2002, along with the  Tagum Cooperative Vice-Chairperson, Ms. Monica L. Salido and Manager, Ms. Juris D. Perez, CPA, MBA. The said Awa rd was given by the representative of the The Secretary of Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), Hon. Peter B. Favila, together with Ms. Mina T. Gabor, Ph. D. , President of Philippine Small and Medium Business Development Foundation, Inc. PHILSMED), Usec. Hon. Lecira V. Juarez, Chairperson, Cooperative Development Authority (CDA), Mr. Cresencio Selipara, 1st  Vice-President- Landbank of the Philippines, Mr. Donald Patrick Lim, Vice-President for Marketing- Philippine Daily Inquirer and Ms. Agnes Celeste D. Fernando, Head SME – Channel Distribution, Globe Telecom on October 6, 2005 at the Philippine International Convention Center (PICC), Reception Hall, which was attended by more or less 1,300 cooperators all over the country. Other Awardees/ Recipients for the National Category were: R. A. Gapuz Review Center- Manila, Lighthouse Cooperative, Inc. – Cagayan, Mabini Limers and Farmers Multi-purpose Cooperative,Inc. – Guimaras and New Central Woodcraft- Iligan City, of which Tagum Cooperative garnered the highest points. Tagum Cooperator’s belief in the value of work in service has brought the great twist. From its humble beginning as  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Holy Name Society (HNS) of Tagum Parish† in May, 1967  with only a handful Members and an available Share Capital of only P80. 00,Tagum Cooperative  had slowly stepped up to the limelight, now, conveniently servingits more than 26,000 members, of which 61. 0% composed of Woman-Members, coming from Tagum City and its nearby provinces and cities, with  a laudable P475. 1 Million in Assets,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"No External Borrowings†Ã‚  for the last five years. Now, Tagum Cooperative has a computed  Loan Portfolio of P317. 1 Million  that served over 160,000 households in coordination and tie up with L ocal Government Unit (LGU) that had helped and support in addressing the economic problem. Alleviating them from poverty line and upgrading their social, educational and health status. It was branded a  Finance Organization achieving Certified Credit Union Standards (FOCCUS)  in the year 2000 by the  World Council of Credit Unions (WOCCU),  based in the United States of America (USA), through its outreaching- cooperative program office in the Philippines, popularly known as the  Credit Union Empowerment and Strengthening (CUES)- Philippines, which have become the tenets of the Cooperative in its operations, programs, and policies, thus Tagum Cooperative as World Class savings and credit cooperative provides the necessary environment for the safe and security of the member’s money, giving the highest interest rates on their deposits and savings through the adoption of a sound, effective and rigid financial management. Today,  Tagum Cooperative  is among the prime movers of the Country’s Cooperative Movement, being one of the leading and most active affiliates of the  National Confederation of Cooperatives (NATCCO), Mindanao Alliance of Self-help Societies- Southern Philippines Educational Cooperative Center (MASS-SPECC) and Model Credit Network (MCN). Moreover, Tagum Cooperative is a leading advocate in the province in empowering or providing opportunities and protection to women through its  Gender and Development and Family Enrichment Program, Savings and Credit with Education (SCWE) Program, wherein 1,707 Woman-Members have availed of P4. 2 Million worth of loans for their livelihood or income-generating projects,  Tagum Cooperative Women’s Livelihood Association, Inc. (TCWLAI)  wherein 70 members have availed the technology of meat and food processing and candle making, thus, it  Ã‚  aimed at augmenting their respective family’s income. All of these achievements are made possible because Tagum Cooperative stand firm to its commitment to extend the best service to its members and that each member will be proud of being a part of Tagum Cooperative. Thru good governance by its able Officials, empowered Management Staff and well informed membership, Tagum Cooperative is posed continue its active participation as a Cooperative and as a partner of the government in progress and economic development of the Province of Davao del Norte, the neighboring provinces and the Philippine Cooperative sector in general. Core values T – Trustworthness A – Accountability G – Good Centered U- Unity M – Member Friendly C – Competence O – Optimism O – Openness P – Passion The Mission and Vision * MISSION * To promptly delivered innovative and responsive products and services to a member in a secured financial environment * VISION * Tagum Cooperative is the best â€Å"One-Stop-Shop† Cooperative for total member care. How to join * STEP 1. Attend one (1) hour Pre-Membership Orientation from Monday to [email  protected] 9:00-10:00 A. M. or 4:00-5:00 P. M. * STEP 2. Fill-up Membership Application Form and submit it with 2 pcs 2Ãâ€"2 recent colored picture with your name and date. * STEP 3. Pay the required amount, as follows: Membership Fee| 200. 00| Mortuary Fee| 480. 00| Initial Share Capital Deposit| 500. 00| Initial Regular Savings Deposit| 500. 00| Registration Fee (Savings ; Loan Seminar| 100. 00| Member’s ID Card| 20. 00| TOTAL| 1,800. 00| The Products and Services Offered * PRODUCTS * Regular Savings| A compulsory savings to all TC Members. It is a liquid savings account with no contractual maturity and can be withdrawn anytime with a minimum maintaining balance of Php 500 and will earn 4% interest per annum based on the Average Daily Balance (ADB). It has a specially designed passbook issued upon opening of the account. Depositors who religiously observe regular savings will have the chance to be awarded â€Å"Savings Depositor of the Year† during the Annual General Assembly. Diligent Savers of Regular Savings will get specially designed promo items. | * Share Capital| A compulsory deposit to all members. It has a minimum share required to be completed within 2 years from date of membership. The share capital deposit cannot be withdrawn unless Member will terminate his/her membership. Interest Rate: 8,000 and up = 7% per annumInitial Deposit: Php500. 00Minimum requirement: Php8,000. 00Characteristics:A cumpulsory deposit to all members. Php8,000 minimum share required to be completed within 2 years from date of membership. Share Capital Deposit cannot be withdrawn unless Member will terminate his/her membership. Earns divided aside from the guaranteed interest. A specially designated passbook is issued upon opening an account. Depositors who religiously observe continuous share capital build-up will have the chance to be awarded â€Å"Share Capital Depositor of the Year† during the Annual General Assembly. Through point system, depositors will get specially designed  promo  items. | * Youth Savers Club| A savings product for  kids 0-12 years old with a specially designed  passbook  issued upon opening an account. It has a minimum of  P50. 00 to open  an account and maintaining balance is P 50. 00 and will earn 4% interest per annum based on the Average Daily Balance (ADB). Member will receive gift items upon signing the application form as Tagum Coop| * Power Teen Savers Club| A savings products for teens 13-17 years old with especially designed passbook issued upon opening an account. Minimum of 50. 00 pesos to open an account. Maintaining balance is 50. 00Member will receive gift items upon signing the application from as Tagum Coop's way of welcoming new members. Diligent savers will receive specially-designed items that can be used at home or at school. The more the teens save the more rewards they get. Depositors who religiously observe Power Teen Savers Program will have the chance to be awarded â€Å"Power Teen Savers of the Year† during the Annual General Assembly. This is the perfect gift that the parents, grandparents, uncles/aunts, godparents, brothers/sisters can give to their children, nephews, nieces, grand children on graduation, Christmas, birthdays, etc. | * Time Deposit| A special time deposit certificate is issued to the member for every account opened. Interest on deposits varies depending on the amount, the longer the term and amount, the higher the interest rate. Upon maturity date, the member may renew the said time  deposit account , however if the member  Ã‚  misses to renew his/her time deposit on maturity date, Tagum Cooperative is  Ã‚  authorized to automatically roll over the said time deposit with the same term and rate. In case a member decides to terminate the time deposit account prior to maturity date, Tagum Cooperative will subject the  Ã‚  member’s Time Deposit to 4% interest p. a. Diligent Savers of Time Deposits will have the chance to be awarded â€Å" Time  Ã‚  Depositor of the Year† during the Annual  Ã‚  General Assembly. | * Pabilisang Savings para sa mga Drivers Advocacy (PaSaDA)| Aims to encourage drivers to start a daily habit of saving and realize their desire to build up a contingency fund. Interest Rate: 4% per annumInitial Deposit: Php30. 00Initial Share Capital(for non members): Php250. 00| * Golden HEARTS| | TERM| P 1,000. 00 to 100,00. 00| P 100,001. 00 to 250,000. 00| P 250,001. 00 to  Ã‚  500,000. 00| P 500,001. 00 to 1,000,000. 00| 1,000,001. 00 and above|   30-89 days|   5. 00%  |   5. 50%|   5. 0%  |   5. 50%|   5. 50%  |   90 – 179 days|   6. 00%|   6. 50%|   7. 00%|   7. 50%  |   7. 50%|   180 – 359 da ys|   6. 50%  |   7. 00%  |   7. 50%  |   8. 00%  |   8. 50%  |   360 – 719 days|   7. 50%|   8. 00%|   8. 50%|   9. 00%|   9. 50%|   720 days|   8. 50%|   9. 00%|   9. 50%|   10. 00%|   10. 50%  | * LOAN PRODUCTS 1. Major Loan: * Regular Loan (RL) * Government Employees Special Loan (GESL ) * Private Employees Special Loan (PESL ) * Convenient Loan (CL) * TC Income-Generating Service Loan (TC-IGSL) * Special Credit Line Service Loan (SCLS) 2. Minor Loan: * Cash Advance (CA) * Emergency Loan (EL) 3. Special Loan: * Instant Loan Bonanza * Micro-Finance Loan * Benefit Loan Appliance and Furniture Loan * Travel loan * SERVICES 1. Special Programs * Savings and Credit with Education (SCWE)| * AFLATOUN| * TC Youth Laboratory Cooperative Article| * TC Women's Livelihood Cooperative(TCWLC)| 2. Members Benefits and Assitance (MBA) * Himsug Pamilya Program (HPP) 3. Coop Funecare 4. Ancillary Financial Sercvice * Inquiry Machine| * Pinoy Co op ATM| * TC Collection Service Center (Bayad Center)| Financial Highlights PANABO MULTI-PURPOSE COOPERATIVE Background of the Cooperative Panabo Multi-Purpose Cooperative (PMPC) operates and advocates the values of self-help, self responsibility, democracy, equality, equity and solidarity. In the tradition of its founders, cooperative Members, Officials and Staff believe in the ethical values of honesty, openness, social responsibility and caring for others and the community. PMPC is a financial service, member-owned Cooperative dedicated to provide the financial needs of its members since 1965. PMPC is a Finance Organizations achieving Certified Credit Union Standard (FOCCUS) ; branded cooperative. It has achieved International Prudential Standards on Financial Ratios designed to protect members ; assets which will ensure operational sustainability and quality of member service. PMPC is implementing the MCUB methodology. MCUB (Model Credit Union Building) is a technology designed to transform a COOPERATIVE into a Model Credit Union (MCU) which adheres to Financial Disciplines where ; Members ; money is safe and protected. PMPC is a leading affiliate of the largest and strongest confederation of cooperatives in the Philippines which is the National Confederation of Cooperatives or NATCCO, with National Headquarters located at 227, J. P. Rizal Street, Project 4, Quezon City, Metro Manila; the Mindanao Alliance of Self-Help Societies-Southern Philippines Educational Cooperative Center (MASS-SPECC) based in Cagayan de Oro City; and, the Model Cooperative Network (MCN), situated at Rm. 324 GB Cam Bldg. , Monteverde St. Davao City, the official network of the FOCCUS branded cooperatives in Mindanao. PMPC is a bonafide member and staunch supporter of COOP-NATCCO PARTY-LIST, the only Party-List in Philippine Congress that represents the true voice of the Philippine Cooperative Sector and the underprivileged workers and small business entrepreneurs. History of the cooperative Through the zealous effort of Panabo Parish Priest Fr. Eugene Simon, PMPC was organized with 15 founding cooperators with a combined initial share capital of seven thousand five hundred pesos (P 7,500. 00) in 1965. Today, through prudent management ; adherence to financial disciplines, PMPC has magnified its growth by over 25,000 member-user strength and P312 million in assets (as of July 2008). Core values The Mission and Vision * MISSION * * VISION * The Products and Services Offered * PRODUCTS * * SERVICES 1. Financial Highlights Background of the Cooperative History of the cooperative Core values The Mission and Vision * MISSION * To promptly delivered innovative and responsive products and services to a member in a secured financial environment * VISION The Products and Services Offered * PRODUCTS * SERVICES Financial Highlights Sources: * http://agdaompc. webs. com/ * http://www. tagumcoop. org/index. php/aboutus * http://WWW. panabocoop. org

Essay: “to the Young Women of Malolos”

Essay: â€Å"To the Young Women of Malolos† by Dr. Jose Rizal The issues tackled in the writing of Rizal entitled â€Å"The Young Women of Malolos† are the inequality between men and women, slavery done by the Spaniards because of ignorance, fraud religious beliefs brought by the friars, the role of mothers in the family, tyranny of some because of the cowardice and negligence on the part of others, unreligious acts of the friars towards the Filipinos, education not given to other Filipinos by the Spaniards, and lastly, the abuse of the Spaniards because of the hospitality of the Filipinos.Rizal’s letter to the Malolos young women is his way of recognition for them as brave Filipinas who are no longer blinded by the fraud religious beliefs brought by the friars. Under his letter he mentioned about our own freedom as individual human beings that we must have our own judgment of what is right and wrong. As a young lady, soon to be a mother of her sons and daughters would set as an example to her children. As the saying goes, a fruit would grow the same as of its tree. Women are fragile and can be easily influenced because of ignorance and lacked of knowledge of her rights.The friars took advantage of the kindness and meekness of this youth and brag about it with its fellow Spaniards. If only the Filipinas were like the women of Spartan who have power over their men, maybe no one would dare to touched or harassed a woman. Rizal wanted to make his people open their eyes and to avoid ignorance of freedom. Ignorance is the cause of slavery during their time and this is what we must not let to happen again. He did not want its people to live without a religious belief but he just wants them apprehend not to be deceived by the exploitations done by the friars under their robes.The teachings made must be put into action not just in words. â€Å"To the Women of Malolos† centers around five salient points (Zaide &Zaide, 1999): First, Filipino m others should teach their children love of God, country and fellowmen. Second, Filipino mothers should be glad and honored, like Spartan mothers, to offer their sons in defense of their country. Third, Filipino women should know how to protect their dignity and honor. Lastly, Filipino women should educate themselves aside from retaining their good racial values.Faith is not merely reciting prayers and wearing religious pictures. It is living the real Christian way with good morals and manners. In recent times, it seems that these qualities are gradually lost in the way Filipino women conduct themselves. There are oftentimes where mothers forget their roles in rearing their children because of the overriding idea of having to earn for the family to supplement their husband’s income. Although there is nothing negative about working hard for the welfare of the family, there must always be balance in the way people go through life.Failure in the home cannot be compensated for by any amount of wealth or fame. Rizal stipulates a number of important points in this portion of his letter to the young women of Malolos. The central idea here, however, is that whatever a mother shows to her children is what the children will become also. If the mother is always kissing the hand of the friars in submission, then her children will grow up to be sycophants and mindless fools who do nothing but do as they are told, even if the very nature of the task would violate their rights as individuals.In this writing of Rizal, it is obvious that his ultimate desire is to have women the same opportunity men received in terms of education. During those days young girls was not sent to school because of the universal notion that they would soon be only taken as wives and stay only at home with the children. But Rizal emphasizes on freedom of thought and right for education that both girls and boys should have. He had also shown to this letter all about that Spaniards friars.He cite d, â€Å"God gave each individual reason and a will of his or her own to distinguish the just from the unjust; all were born without shackles and free, and nobody has a right to subjugate the will and the spirit of another. † We are all born equal, naked and without bonds. God did not create man to be a slave of others. A man who does not think for himself and allowed him to be guided by the thought of another is like the beast led by a halter. God give us intelligence that we may use against this lavery of others. We must be dignified, have faith on him and work together as one. Citations: http://www. oppapers. com/essays/Young-Women-Of-Malolos/389462 http://bookstove. com/book-talk/to-the-young-women-of-malolos-concise-summary-and-critical-analysis/ http://www. mb. com. ph/articles/235667/rizal-to-my-young-countrywomen-malolos http://www. studymode. com/essays/Young-Women-Of-Malolos-389462. html? topic http://www. studymode. com/essays/To-The-Young-Women-Of-Malolos-1099089. html? topic

Christmas Night at School

The issue presented for discussion is whether the state of Massachusetts can validly allow a â€Å"Christmas Night† event. For this event, the school is planning a theatrical production of the â€Å"Three Wise Men,† a presentation of several ‘Christmas songs’ and a grab-bag gift session, for which all students were asked to bring a gift costing between five and ten dollars. Steve and his parents do not celebrate Christmas, and have therefore asked the school to change the theme of the night to not be a â€Å"Christmas† night. The school has stated that the Christmas Night will go on as planned, but that Steve and his parents are invited to not attend if that makes them feel more comfortable. Weisman Ruling and State Law/Regulations Based on the present state of both federal and Massachusetts state law, the school will not be able to hold Christmas Night as planned. There are several reasons for this, most notably a relatively consistent line of United States Supreme Court cases which have held that any attempts by a state actor to sanction or sponsor an event which endorses or promotes a specific religion will be struck down as unconstitutional under the ‘Establishment Clause’ of the First Amendment to the Constitution. Weisman Ruling The most recent and pre-eminent case on point is Lee v. Weisman (505 U. S. 77 (1992)), which held that a Providence, Rhode Island middle school violated the Establishment Clause when it invited a rabbi to its commencement activities to give an invocation prayer to the student body and their parents. Upon objection by the parents of student Weisman to the invocation, the school districted defended its position as compliant with the Establishment Clause by virtue of the fact that participation in the invocation was completely voluntary and that there was no penalty for not participating. These facts are in many ways completely analogous to the matter of Steve’s â€Å"Christmas Night† at his school. Two keys areas of rationale by the Weisman court explain why the position of Steve’s school likelky will not pass muster. First, according to the Court, the option of not attending an event without penalty is not considered a viable and voluntary option. The Court places an intangible value on participating in certain events in a child’s educational life that not attending deprives one of. One of these certainly is the commencement exercise and, arguably, the school holiday festivities are another. While the Weisman court ruling is limited to the graduation exercise, it is reasonable that a student who is the only (or one of the only) student to not attend is being deprived the benefit of a valued experience that is being sponsored by the school. Secondly, the Weisman Court held that under, the ‘coercion test,’ which is the present standard for evaluating cases under the Establishment Clause, an event is unconstitutional even if it creates an indirect coercion. This means that a school can not authorize the practice of any particular religion. The Court rationed that â€Å"it is no part of the business of government to compose official prayers for any group of the American people to recite as a part of a religious program carried on by government† (505 U. S. 577, 588). Steve’s school is attempting to do exactly what the Weisman Court said it cannot do- create a school program which is composed of the prayers and messages of a specific religion. Massachusetts Law/Regulations This position is even further supported by the existing law in Massachusetts on the subject. The starting point for this analysis is the General Laws of Massachusetts, Chapter 71, Section 31A, which provides that the â€Å"school committee may set appropriate guidelines for the celebration of Christmas and other festivals observed as holidays for the purpose of furthering the educational, cultural and social experiences and development of children. † This statute does two things at the state level. First, it acknowledges the need and propriety for regulating the observance of Christmas (and other holidays). Second, it recognizes that school observance of religious holidays is of educational, cultural and social value to students. Massachusetts passed Regulation 603 in its Regulatory Code which contains a section (#26) on Access to Equal Educational Opportunity. The purpose of this section is to insure that Massachusetts public schools â€Å"do not discriminate against students on the basis of race, color, sex, religion, national origin or sexual orientation and that all students have equal rights of access and equal enjoyment of the opportunities, advantages, privileges and courses of study at such schools† (603 CMR 26. 01). Further, these regulations impose requirements on the schools to insure that all students are treated equally: No school shall sponsor or participate in the organization of outside extra-curricular activities conducted at such school that restrict student participation on the basis of race, color, sex, religion, national origin or sexual orientation (603 CMR 26. 07). Steve’s school is attempting to sponsor an event that will run directly counter to the mandate of the Regulation, especially 603 CMR 26. 07. The school will argue that Christmas Night is open to all to participate and that any restriction based on religion is on the part of the student’s family and not by the school. The Weisman Court ruled that to give the student the option of participating in a faith-based event which runs counter to his or her beliefs or to be excluded by virtue of a voluntary (and permitted) absence, and in so doing be deprived of the extra-curricular activity sponsored by the school, creates the indirect coercion and therefore violates the Establishment Clause. Writer’s Thoughts on the Issue This issue presents two sub-issues for discussion. The first is whether the laws and court cases are proper on their face and the second is whether justice is being served in this instance. Regarding the first the issue, it appears that the laws are generally consistent with our nation’s values and beliefs on the matter of separation of church and state. Our founding fathers fled their respective home countries often times in the face of severe religious oppression. Even on our soil, the Salem witch trials demonstrate the dangers of religious intolerance and regulation. One of the core values that Americans have always stood for is the individual right to practice faith and to be free from institutionalized religion. Thus, the default position of the law, which states that any adoption of a religion’s practices or dogma is a violation of our constitutional guarantee against the establishment of a religious or its practices, is well founded and consistent with our national values. With respect to the matter of ‘censoring’ Christmas however, the issue can get a little more muddled. Certainly, Christmas is a denominational holiday and certainly many of Christmas’ traditions and observances are very religious in their nature. However, Christmas above all other denominational holidays, has become quite Americanized since the middle of the 20th century. Many of the customs and traditions have no bearing at all on faith or theology or dogma. Many Americans when they say ‘merry Christmas’ are actually saying ‘happy holidays. ’ Most Americans when they hear ‘merry Christmas’ are actually hearing ‘happy holidays. ’ When left generic and without any of the religious or theological references, Christmas is one of the few events which actually has a unifying and pacifying effect on the nation. It would be a shame to lose out on this galvanizing and festive force. Analysis of Additional U. S. Supreme Court Cases Abington v. Schempp The landmark case regarding the establishment of religion in U. S. public schools is Abington Township School District v. Schempp (374 US 203 (1963)), which ruled that school sponsored Bible reading in public schools is unconstitutional. This Court ruled that the government, in matters of religion, must protect all, prefer none and disparage none. Neutrality was the only acceptable position for a state or federal government to pursue with respect to any expression of religion. In his concurring opinion, Justice William Brennan acknowledged that school prayer and Bible study was a significant feature of American life when the Constitution and Bill of Rights were ratified. However, Brennan noted that it was not in the nation’s best interest to seek to interpret the relevance of the Establishment Clause to modern society by applying the literal intent of the interpretation given to the Clause in the previous centuries. Wallace v. Jaffree In 1985 the United States Supreme Court, in Wallace v. Jaffree (472 U. S. 8 (1985)), found that Alabama’s practice of setting aside one minute during each day for silent prayer or meditation to be unconstitutional. The Court struck down the statute requiring the silent prayer because its purpose was to advance to religion and there was no significant secular purpose for the law. Further, the Court found that the statute placed prayer in favored status over non-prayer, which violates the Establishment Clause’s prohibition against endorsing belief over non-belief and worshippers over dissenters. Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe In a more recent case, Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe (530 U. S. 290 (2000)), the Court ruled that allowing student-led prayer during the schools sponsored football games is unconstitutional. While the school argued that the prayer was private and not public speech, the Court rationed that because of the fact that the prayer is led during the schools sponsored game, using school owned P. A. equipment and on School owned property, the listener will inevitably conclude that School has endorsed the prayer. Suggestions for a Modified Christmas Night. In order to be able to present a Christmas night, the school must effectively sanitize the event. First, the name should be changed to reflect a holiday season event, without reference to one or more particular religious holidays. Second the program should be expanded to include other cultural holidays. Third, the programs should endeavor to be educational in nature and not merely a celebration of one religion’s customs. Finally, the program should not include any aspects of a program’s dogma or theology (such as the Three Wise Men or the nativity scene). However, a Christmas tree (properly adorned) would be fine. Even these modifications might not be enough to prevent successful challenges by offended students and their parents. Conclusion The Supreme Court of the United States has, for the past 60-70 years, taken the position that any actions by Federal, state or local government which appears to or actually does promote one religion above another, or subjugates one below another, is invalid and unconstitutional. While the notion of a school Christmas Night does not seem to be nefarious by any means, it will impede on the rights citizens to not be indirectly coerced into participating in a religious event that is not part of their faith or beliefs.

Long-Tеrm Plan for Black Amеrica

ThÐ µ Ð µconomic nationalism of BookÐ µr T. Washington, which rÐ µliÐ µd on businÐ µss ownÐ µrship to providÐ µ thÐ µ mÐ µans for group advancÐ µmÐ µnt, rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µnts thÐ µ classic capitalistic approach to Ð µconomic dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt. Throughout thÐ µ twÐ µntiÐ µth cÐ µntury, thÐ µrÐ µ havÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn a numbÐ µr of approachÐ µs suggÐ µstÐ µd for improving thÐ µ Ð µconomic viability of African-AmÐ µrican communitiÐ µs in thÐ µ UnitÐ µd StatÐ µs.GivÐ µn thÐ µ Ð µconomic discrimination and opprÐ µssion by institutions in thÐ µ largÐ µr sociÐ µty, many social thÐ µorists and urban Ð µconomists havÐ µ arguÐ µd that African-AmÐ µricans should usÐ µ thÐ µir sÐ µgrÐ µgatÐ µd social circumstancÐ µs to build a sÐ µparatÐ µ and autonomous Ð µconomic basÐ µ within thÐ µir own communitiÐ µs.ThÐ µ sharÐ µd Ð µxpÐ µriÐ µncÐ µ of social sÐ µgrÐ µgation, Ð µmploymÐ µnt discrimination, and minority status would providÐ µ th Ð µ rationalÐ µ for thÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt of coopÐ µrativÐ µ Ð µntÐ µrprisÐ µs that would advancÐ µ thÐ µ Ð µconomic conditions of thÐ µ Ð µntirÐ µ black community.BusinÐ µss ownÐ µrship is sÐ µÃ µn as thÐ µ Ð µconomic Ð µnginÐ µ for thÐ µ community dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt procÐ µss. Еconomic dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt through thÐ µ promotion of Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurship Ð µxalts individualistic Ð µfforts and prÐ µdicts thÐ µ Ð µvÐ µntual â€Å"tricklÐ µ down† of bÐ µnÐ µfits from thÐ µ capitalists to thÐ µ workÐ µrs.Washington assumÐ µd that sincÐ µ Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurship has workÐ µd succÐ µssfully for many othÐ µr AmÐ µricans by bringing Ð µconomic and social advancÐ µmÐ µnt, it should do thÐ µ samÐ µ for African-AmÐ µricans.ЕntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurship is assumÐ µd to havÐ µ immÐ µnsÐ µ powÐ µrs. Еconomist Sol Ahiarah, a lattÐ µr-day proponÐ µnt of Washington's Ð µconomic philosophy, arguÐ µd that â⠂¬Å"by owning [businÐ µssÐ µs] and . . . controlling thÐ µir mÐ µans of livÐ µlihood blacks can solvÐ µ most of thÐ µir own problÐ µms and Ð µvÐ µn bÐ µ immunizÐ µd against racism† [Ahiarah 1993, 18].BusinÐ µss ownÐ µrship was promotÐ µd as thÐ µ mÐ µans for community rÐ µvitalization. For mÐ µ as for young black man thÐ µ plan has bÐ µÃ µn an attractivÐ µ onÐ µ bÐ µcausÐ µ it corrÐ µsponds with thÐ µ prÐ µvailing capitalistic Ð µthos in AmÐ µrican sociÐ µty. Many policymakÐ µrs havÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn so pÐ µrsistÐ µnt in thÐ µir rÐ µliancÐ µ on Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurship that altÐ µrnativÐ µ approachÐ µs wÐ µrÐ µ rarÐ µly considÐ µrÐ µd.Washington's Ð µconomic dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt proposals wÐ µrÐ µ a rÐ µsponsÐ µ to thÐ µ lÐ µgal sÐ µgrÐ µgation of that Ð µra. HÐ µ promotÐ µd appÐ µasÐ µmÐ µnt and political accommodation-thÐ µsÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ hallmarks of his idÐ µological position. His ovÐ µrall objÐ µcti vÐ µ was sÐ µlf-sufficiÐ µncy, and hÐ µ was considÐ µrÐ µd thÐ µ lÐ µading advocatÐ µ of Ð µconomic nationalism in thÐ µ black community [ButlÐ µr 1985, 65].To Washington, thÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt of black Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurship within thÐ µ confinÐ µs of thÐ µ sÐ µgrÐ µgatÐ µd black community was thÐ µ most viablÐ µ routÐ µ to Ð µconomic stability and Ð µquality. ThÐ µ Ð µconomic dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt of thÐ µ black community would bÐ µ proof to thÐ µ dominant whitÐ µ sociÐ µty that African-AmÐ µricans wÐ µrÐ µ Ð µqual [Blair 1977, 10].ThÐ µ Washington approach and thÐ µ Mondragon sharÐ µ only two common charactÐ µristics. First, both wÐ µrÐ µ dÐ µsignÐ µd to sÐ µrvÐ µ an Ð µthnically opprÐ µssÐ µd pÐ µoplÐ µ. SÐ µcond, Ð µach is toutÐ µd as a mÐ µans for achiÐ µving group advancÐ µmÐ µnt. UnlikÐ µ thÐ µ Mondragon, which makÐ µs social dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt Ð µssÐ µntial to Ð µconomic dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt, Washing ton's Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurial focus was only implicitly tiÐ µd to broadÐ µr social concÐ µrns such as group advancÐ µmÐ µnt.To Washington, thÐ µ primary issuÐ µ was individual Ð µconomic advancÐ µmÐ µnt. Еquality, and indÐ µÃ µd indÐ µpÐ µndÐ µncÐ µ, would bÐ µ achiÐ µvÐ µd as individual blacks provÐ µd thÐ µir ability to survivÐ µ in thÐ µ AmÐ µrican capitalist Ð µnvironmÐ µnt. Washington bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µd that blacks would achiÐ µvÐ µ thÐ µir civil rights only aftÐ µr thÐ µy had Ð µstablishÐ µd an Ð µconomic basÐ µ [Thornburgh 1969, 11].Washington's Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurial focus bÐ µnÐ µfittÐ µd a small group of individuals. ThÐ µ propÐ µnsity to bÐ µ Ð µlitist contrasts with thÐ µ intÐ µntions of thÐ µ foundÐ µrs of Mondragon, who wÐ µrÐ µ distrustful of Ð µlitÐ µ control. UnfortunatÐ µly, Washington's Ð µlitist approach rÐ µducÐ µs thÐ µ positivÐ µ impact that businÐ µss dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt can havÐ µ on thÐ µ widÐ µr community and thÐ µ likÐ µlihood of group advancÐ µmÐ µnt [WallacÐ µ 1993, 46].In his analysis of Washington's Ð µconomic program, social thÐ µorist Harold CrusÐ µ concludÐ µd that this approach â€Å"would not havÐ µ gonÐ µ vÐ µry far in allÐ µviating thÐ µ Ð µconomic disabilitiÐ µs of thÐ µ black rank and filÐ µ in thÐ µ industrial, agricultural, and sÐ µrvicÐ µ sÐ µctors† [CrusÐ µ 1987, 92].As an Ð µconomic dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt stratÐ µgy for thÐ µ black community, Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurship is a simplistic approach. It focusÐ µd solÐ µly on Ð µconomic issuÐ µs, whilÐ µ thÐ µ othÐ µr conditions Ð µndurÐ µd by blacks wÐ µrÐ µ to bÐ µ gradually attÐ µndÐ µd to through thÐ µ procÐ µss of tricklÐ µ down.Many othÐ µr Ð µthnic groups in thÐ µ UnitÐ µd StatÐ µs wÐ µrÐ µ ablÐ µ to bÐ µcomÐ µ sÐ µlf-sufficiÐ µnt bÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µy could conduct businÐ µss within and outsidÐ µ thÐ µir immÐ µdiatÐ µ nÐ µigh borhoods and communitiÐ µs.HowÐ µvÐ µr, thÐ µ opportunity for Ð µxpansion is not availablÐ µ to black businÐ µssÐ µs. LÐ µgally sanctionÐ µd discrimination forcÐ µd black Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurs to takÐ µ an â€Å"Ð µconomic dÐ µtour,† around thÐ µ possibility of conducting businÐ µss bÐ µyond thÐ µir own communitiÐ µs. This dÐ µtour sÐ µriously limitÐ µd thÐ µ potÐ µntial dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt of black businÐ µssÐ µs and Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurship [ButlÐ µr 1985].In thÐ µ Crisis magazinÐ µ, W.C. MatnÐ µy madÐ µ this important obsÐ µrvation: Into this [frÐ µÃ µ Ð µntÐ µrprisÐ µ systÐ µm], wÐ µ find thÐ µ NÐ µgro first introducÐ µd as a slavÐ µ and dÐ µmÐ µd all rights.Today hÐ µ is a slavÐ µ of thÐ µ industrial and commÐ µrcial ordÐ µr by virtuÐ µ of thÐ µ industrial and commÐ µrcial rÐ µstrictions and dÐ µnials imposÐ µd upon him. HÐ µ livÐ µs in a compÐ µtitivÐ µ agÐ µ but must not compÐ µtÐ µ in a compÐ µti tivÐ µ markÐ µt [1930, 11].ThÐ µ problÐ µms of thÐ µ black community arÐ µ not mÐ µrÐ µly Ð µconomic as thÐ µ Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurial policy prÐ µsupposÐ µs. ThÐ µsÐ µ dilÐ µmmas rÐ µquirÐ µ comprÐ µhÐ µnsivÐ µ solutions.Tabb concludÐ µd that CDCs would not attain thÐ µ collÐ µctivÐ µ goal of community rÐ µvival bÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µ stratÐ µgy callÐ µd for thÐ µ support of black Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurs who opÐ µratÐ µd for pÐ µrsonal profits.ThÐ µ failurÐ µ of many CDCs to fostÐ µr Ð µconomic advancÐ µmÐ µnt for urban blacks again dÐ µmonstratÐ µd thÐ µ inhÐ µrÐ µnt wÐ µaknÐ µss in black capitalistic vÐ µnturÐ µs as vÐ µhiclÐ µs of community dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt.Marcus GarvÐ µy's UnivÐ µrsal NÐ µgro ImprovÐ µmÐ µnt Association (UNIA) producÐ µd an altÐ µrnativÐ µ coopÐ µrativÐ µ modÐ µl for black community dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt that has also bÐ µÃ µn utilizÐ µd by othÐ µr groups including thÐ µ Nation of Islam and many black rÐ µligious dÐ µnominations. It sharÐ µs many charactÐ µristics with thÐ µ Mondragon.Although nÐ µvÐ µr fully rÐ µalizÐ µd, GarvÐ µy's stratÐ µgy Ð µnvisionÐ µd thÐ µ collÐ µctivÐ µ Ð µconomic advancÐ µmÐ µnt of African pÐ µoplÐ µs throughout thÐ µ world [A. GarvÐ µy 1967, 127].