The first binary system Essay Example

The first binary system Essay This essay will look at the history of computers, beginning from Stonehenge and going right through to today. It will look at what the future holds for the world of computing and I will try to determine the start of this particular technology. It will go on to discuss the computers of today and more importantly what the future holds for computers. I will try to briefly out line the history of the computer, presenting my findings chronologically. The continuous progression of the computer has lead us to the advanced machines they are today and offer us an insight into the pattern of future developments. Throughout the essay I will include information from a number of different resources, which I will use to explain and analyse my findings. I have traced the first findings of computer science back to many years ago when man still dwelled in caves. The religious and animalistic traditions of early man required instruments to calculate particular religious dates. From this Shamanistic traditions man created a primitive calculating device, counting notches on sticks or marks on walls. This primitive technique evolved and big Stonehenge structures were erected, these can still be seen today in Salisbury England. The enormous structures are today monuments of mans desire to calculate and compute information. Over on the other side of the globe in china the abacus was born. The abacus aided the calculation process and therefore must be considered a computing device. The way the abacus works shares similarities with the dictionaries definition of a computer. This is the place value notion and the retrieve and store method mentioned in the dictionary. Twelve centuries later, an 18-year-old taxpayers son invented a numerical wheel to help his father calculate tax. The device was called a Pacaline named after its creator. The problem with the Pascalator is that it could only be repaired by Pascaline. This resulted in job loss and techno phobia which still occurs today. The device was later improved and can still be found today in water meters and modern day odometers. We will write a custom essay sample on The first binary system specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The first binary system specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The first binary system specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The real beginning of the computer as we know them today is a result of the English mathematician Charles Babbage. He hoped there would one day be an automated computer powered by steam. It was never constructed, but outlined the elements of the modern day general-purpose computer. Babbages computer was a real analytical engine, it had built in control and allowed instructions to be represented in specific order, rather then numerical order. An American inventor set a task to create a faster computer using the jacquard loom concept. The computing process used cards to store dates, this differed from previous methods, which used cards to instruct the computer. This system enabled the computer to work faster, store more information, and resulted in fewer errors. The creator Hollerith brought his machine, known as the punch card reader, in to the business world. The company later became the International Business Machine or IBM. The punch card system become very popular in the 60s and was used by business and the government. Holleriths machine was limited to certain tabulation and could not accommodate more complex forms. The first binary system was developed by a German in 1941. The binary system was a programmable computer design composed of zeros and ones. The binary representation proved important in the design of modern day computers.  The punch card machine became so well established and reliable, that Howard Aiken collaborated with the engineers at IBM and refined the IBMs standard automated computer to build the Howard Mark 1. The Mark 1 remained in use until 1959, even thought other machines had surpassed it in performance. It provided vital calculations for the navy in world war two. Meanwhile over in Great Britain a mathematician named Alan turning wrote a paper called Computable numbers. Alan Turnings paper described a hypothetical device that presaged programmable computers. The Turning machine was designed to perform logical operations and could read, write, or erase symbols that were written on squares of a infinite paper tape. The purpose of turnings paper was not to invent a computer but rather to describe problems that are logically possible to solve. Turnings hypothetical machine has characteristics that resemble modern day computers. The hypothetical machines memory allows it to read, write, and erase data, just like modern day RAM. Back in America the Havard Mark 1 was highly successful opening doors for further developments by Americans computer giants. The second contribution to the computing world was the ENIAC or electrical Numerical integrator. ENIAC is generally considered to be the first successful high speed digital computer and was used from 1946 to 1955.

buy custom Effect of Environment on School Violence essay

buy custom Effect of Environment on School Violence essay Existence of violence in our societies is the main cause of the violence that is happening at our schools. School life keeps changing and for these reason its a dynamic experience. The calm and peaceful school atmosphere has completely changed to some other totally different thing. Modernism has brought many changes in the high school and at the moment they dont look like they used to. In our developing and already developed world our schools are characterized with increased indiscipline as well as violence. The acts of violence can be related to a number of factors. Some of the explanations that have been given to explain violence include biological explanation which basically deals with the genes that are passed on to a child by the respective parent. Some forms of violence are inherited by the child (Remboldt 1994). Psychological explanation simply says that ones state of mind can influence him to be violent. Therefore the act of kindness or violence can result from ones state of mind. Its therefore important for one to condition his mind on doing the rightful things. Some other forms of violence can be explained sociologically for instance ones societal influence can lead to kindness or violence. Societal influence is the same as environmental influence and its important that overemphasis of the societal influence on a character can never happen. Every person is born in a given society and the society plays a big role in influencing the character of an individual. Therefore its important to realize that what one becomes in the future is partly as the result of the societal influence from the specific society. Lastly some form of violence can be best explained by politics. Some violence emanate from the governance of that particular moment. The ruling class is the main cause of political violence that results in our countries. Therefore the form of governance in place can make or destroy an individual. Violence is a common concept at all levels of learning be it; tertiary, primary and secondary. Its important to put in mind that forms of violence are different at every level of learning. Violence at school may be wedged against fellow students, school, school authority; teacher verses students and teacher among others. Other forms of violence that are experienced at primary and secondary levels include assault, brutality and oppression and use of profane language. Rioting and vandalism is some of the extremes of school violence that is usually done by a big number of students (Shafii Shafii, 2001). Buy custom Effect of Environment on School Violence essay

Aurthur Millers The Crucible and McCarthyism

Miller's message conveys what centuries of life are like centuries ago and what theme is in those eras. Just like today's social and political issues. All three generations have intolerance, hysteria, reputation, and empowerment. This is one of the reasons they are in contact with each other. Teenagers learn much from Crucible 's information, including Puritan' s intolerance to those who do not comply with their religious beliefs, or who think different from themselves. The theme of The Crucible is in the bustle and Arthur Miller talked about the terrible story of Salem witch hunt in 1692 and combined it with McCarthyism of the 1950 's. The drama reflects Miller's view and McCarthy's view, and what he considers to resemble Salem witch hunting. Proctor is the hero who Miller uses to reflect the unfairness of Salem and McCarthy's trial and how the fact died in the 1950s. In Arthur Miller's Chura, feminism is not only allowed but also encouraged. This book shows myriad examples of femin ism and shows the life of a Puritan woman during the trial of Salem Witch. The definition of feminism is the theory of gender, politics, and social equality. It is thought that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities. (Feminism - Webster) During this time, women were considered unfair In this article, I will analyze the historical background of crucible and its relevance in today's society. I believe Arthur Miller 's life and McCarthyism' s experience had a strong influence on the writing of Yuzu. McCarthy named after Joseph McCarthy was an era of intense anti-communism that took place in the United States from 1948 to 1956. During this period, the US government persecuted Communist US, its leaders, and many others suspected of being communists. Krugersburg was written by Arthur Miller in the McCarthy era. McCarthyism was led by Senator Joe McCarthy who searched Communists in America in the 1950s or who did hunting witches. This hunting witch indirectly reveals ... ... one of the most strangest and most fearful chapters in human history. Arthur Miller's Chura is a dramatic story about the true story. In the 17th century ... - similarity between crucible theme and McCarthshire In 1692, Arthur Miller's crucible depicted people who saw harmless people because they did not commit a crime. A magician hanged. Crucible provides an accurate history of witch hunting, but its true outcome lies in the many important problems that it deals with. Aurthur Millers The Crucible and McCarthyism Miller's message conveys what centuries of life are like centuries ago and what theme is in those eras. Just like today's social and political issues. All three generations have intolerance, hysteria, reputation, and empowerment. This is one of the reasons they are in contact with each other. Teenagers learn much from Crucible 's information, including Puritan' s intolerance to those who do not comply with their religious beliefs, or who think different from themselves. The theme of The Crucible is in the bustle and Arthur Miller talked about the terrible story of Salem witch hunt in 1692 and combined it with McCarthyism of the 1950 's. The drama reflects Miller's view and McCarthy's view, and what he considers to resemble Salem witch hunting. Proctor is the hero who Miller uses to reflect the unfairness of Salem and McCarthy's trial and how the fact died in the 1950s. In Arthur Miller's Chura, feminism is not only allowed but also encouraged. This book shows myriad examples of femin ism and shows the life of a Puritan woman during the trial of Salem Witch. The definition of feminism is the theory of gender, politics, and social equality. It is thought that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities. (Feminism - Webster) During this time, women were considered unfair In this article, I will analyze the historical background of crucible and its relevance in today's society. I believe Arthur Miller 's life and McCarthyism' s experience had a strong influence on the writing of Yuzu. McCarthy named after Joseph McCarthy was an era of intense anti-communism that took place in the United States from 1948 to 1956. During this period, the US government persecuted Communist US, its leaders, and many others suspected of being communists. Krugersburg was written by Arthur Miller in the McCarthy era. McCarthyism was led by Senator Joe McCarthy who searched Communists in America in the 1950s or who did hunting witches. This hunting witch indirectly reveals ... ... one of the most strangest and most fearful chapters in human history. Arthur Miller's Chura is a dramatic story about the true story. In the 17th century ... - similarity between crucible theme and McCarthshire In 1692, Arthur Miller's crucible depicted people who saw harmless people because they did not commit a crime. A magician hanged. Crucible provides an accurate history of witch hunting, but its true outcome lies in the many important problems that it deals with. Aurthur Millers The Crucible and McCarthyism Miller's message conveys what centuries of life are like centuries ago and what theme is in those eras. Just like today's social and political issues. All three generations have intolerance, hysteria, reputation, and empowerment. This is one of the reasons they are in contact with each other. Teenagers learn much from Crucible 's information, including Puritan' s intolerance to those who do not comply with their religious beliefs, or who think different from themselves. The theme of The Crucible is in the bustle and Arthur Miller talked about the terrible story of Salem witch hunt in 1692 and combined it with McCarthyism of the 1950 's. The drama reflects Miller's view and McCarthy's view, and what he considers to resemble Salem witch hunting. Proctor is the hero who Miller uses to reflect the unfairness of Salem and McCarthy's trial and how the fact died in the 1950s. In Arthur Miller's Chura, feminism is not only allowed but also encouraged. This book shows myriad examples of femin ism and shows the life of a Puritan woman during the trial of Salem Witch. The definition of feminism is the theory of gender, politics, and social equality. It is thought that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities. (Feminism - Webster) During this time, women were considered unfair In this article, I will analyze the historical background of crucible and its relevance in today's society. I believe Arthur Miller 's life and McCarthyism' s experience had a strong influence on the writing of Yuzu. McCarthy named after Joseph McCarthy was an era of intense anti-communism that took place in the United States from 1948 to 1956. During this period, the US government persecuted Communist US, its leaders, and many others suspected of being communists. Krugersburg was written by Arthur Miller in the McCarthy era. McCarthyism was led by Senator Joe McCarthy who searched Communists in America in the 1950s or who did hunting witches. This hunting witch indirectly reveals ... ... one of the most strangest and most fearful chapters in human history. Arthur Miller's Chura is a dramatic story about the true story. In the 17th century ... - similarity between crucible theme and McCarthshire In 1692, Arthur Miller's crucible depicted people who saw harmless people because they did not commit a crime. A magician hanged. Crucible provides an accurate history of witch hunting, but its true outcome lies in the many important problems that it deals with.

What Is Quantum Physics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What Is Quantum Physics - Essay Example s paper on blackbody radiation, other scientists who contributed to its development include: Albert Einstein, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schroedinger, and Niels Bohr. Meanwhile, Albert Einstein tried to disprove and modify it for many years due to its various theoretical issues with quantum mechanics (Jones, 2011). Quantum physics has five general ideas. First, energy is not continuous but comes in small discrete units. Its elementary particles behave both like particles and like waves, thus such particle movement is said to be in random. Fourth, it is physically impossible to determine the particles’ position and movement at the same time, otherwise when one is precisely known the other has less precise measurement. And lastly, the atomic world is nothing like the world we live in, making it incomparable and less comprehensible than ordinary logic (Feynman, et. al., 2011). Quantum physics evolved into various scientific applications. From the physics world, it has also taken some serious relevance in the fields of agriculture, medicine, even in anthroposophy, and religion. Quantum computers have also managed to break into the mainstream over the last decade as scientists managed to stop light in its tracks, thus overcoming one pratical hurdle, while the first quantumlogic gate was created in 2003 (McKee, 2006). Things so small have an effect. Thus, quantum physics play a significant role in the quantum nature of reality. Earlier, Niel Bohr was once quoted as saying: â€Å"Anyone who is not shocked by quantum theory has not understood it.† It only proves to show how deeply complex and complicated quantum physics is, and how one would simply be completely awed at its magic (Higgo,

Improving life in the U.S Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Improving life in the U.S - Essay Example Americans are predominantly non-vegetarians. Since most of the non-vegetarian foods have too much fatty content, Americans are becoming obese as time goes on. It should be noted that obesity is becoming a huge health problem not only among adults, but also among children in America. Obesity or overweight has the potential to cause damage to physical as well as mental health. Avoidance of non-vegetarian food and practicing vegetarian foods are important things in preventing obesity related problems in America. ‘A study conducted by Arizona State University psychology professors Richard Stein and Carol Nemeroff reported that, sight unseen, salad eaters were rated more moral, virtuous and considerate than steak eaters " (Corliss). School shooting like violent incidents are increasing day by day in America. Plenty of studies have shown that non-vegetarianism has the potential to increase violence compared to vegetarianism. It should be noted that Indians are predominantly vegetaria ns and hence school shooting like violent incidents are less in India. India is adopting peaceful means of conflict resolution even though Pakistan like countries is continuously causing problems in India. It should be noted that Mahatma Gandhi opted for nonviolent means for his fight against British colonialism. On the other hand, non-vegetarianism is prevalent in Pakistan like countries. They are currently struggling to fight against terrorism and violent activities. All these factors clearly suggest that vegetarianism has the potential to improve peace and harmony and reduce violent activities. Therefore America should give more emphasize to vegetarian foods. â€Å"Today, we dumped another 70 million tons of global-warming pollution into the thin shell of atmosphere surrounding our planet, as if it were an open sewer. And tomorrow, we will dump a slightly larger amount, with the cumulative concentrations now trapping more and more heat from the sun†(Gore). Global warming i s going to be a big problem in future. Many studies have proved beyond doubt that atmospheric temperature is increasing continuously. The survival of living things on earth would become difficult in near future itself. Being the most heavily industrialized nation in the world, America cannot stay away from the responsibilities of causing global warming like environmental problems in this world. it should be noted that automobile use in America is extremely high compared to that in other parts of the world. The greenhouse gases coming out from the automobiles are causing big problems to the environment. Last September 21, as the Northern Hemisphere tilted away from the sun, scientists reported with unprecedented distress that the North Polar ice cap is "falling off a cliff." One study estimated that it could be completely gone during summer in less than 22 years. Another new study, to be presented by U.S. Navy researchers later this week, warns it could happen in as little as 7 years (Gore). The huge ice blocs in Polar Regions are getting melted as time goes on because of the atmospheric temperature rise. The water coming out from the melted ice goes to sea and increases the sea level. It is believed that some of the major cities located near to the coastal areas will be sunk in near

Green Building Technology Essay Example for Free

Green Building Technology Essay 1. Introduction Would there be a technology that can benefit nature and human beings at the same time? Conventional belief over the use of technology is that nature is sacrificed and used up for the sake of human beings. However, technology is not simply about efficiency anymore, and its associated grounds are expanding. Concern over environment is one of the most prominent ones, and ‘Green building technology’ falls under it. Green building technology aims to create environmentally responsible buildings or housings throughout its life span, while using the resources available efficiently. It involves the whole process of building certain structure, covering the processes of design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation and deconstruction (EPA). In short, it is construction technology that tries to optimize environmental sustainability and efficiency while not giving up the necessary qualities of living spaces. Idea of Green building arose as OPEC oil embargo occurred in year 1973 with an Initial goal of reducing its fossil fuel usage. This being a motive, further researches was done by different groups and green building came into housing trend (Marble Institute) After that, there had been increased attention and development of green building technology. People are more interested in looking for environmentally friendly housings and many governments are promoting it through different kinds of green construction standards. Yet, is this technology really giving us substantial benefit in our daily lives? What kind of benefits, in specific, is it providing? What would be the processes of achieving such impacts? Even though this technology does not have a long history, it is already causing changes in reducing energy and resource usages; economic and social benefits are in rise too. Green building has substantial positive effect in both environment and economy, with potential for better outcomes in the future. This can be supported by numerous facts and application of technology. Specific applications of controlling energy usage leads to outright reducing of resources used in construction, which in bigger ground, leads to overall change of human society. 2. Functions in Resource Conservation 2.1 Background The need to conserve natural resources arose from several natural changes in climate. First major change was the global increase of temperature, which also caused devastating natural disasters. (Figure 1) For example, this diagram from NASA’s investigation implies that until the point of 1990s, at least there were below-zero global temperature anomaly. But it has exceeded the point of 0 degrees Celsius since then, reaching higher points. This caused problems like shifting natural characteristics for some countries (i.e. gaining more tropical climate, while the area doesn’t fall under tropical area) and extreme weathers like heat waves leading to hundreds of casualties (IPCC). Stanford researchers predicts summers will keep getting hotter for the next 20 years (Rust,2011) Additional problems of high energy dependencies and its consequences are not negligible too. Oil prices have doubled since 10 years ago with annual increase of 25% between 2004 and 2008 (Bauer, 2010). For countries who import their energy resources, reducing the energy usage and saving money is a big concern. High dependency in energy usage often causes crisis in some special crisis situations. It could be financial, political, or literally natural disaster. While so, housing alone takes up major portion of total energy usage. According to United States’ Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), it accounted for 38.9 percent of total U.S. energy consumption in 2005. In year 2006 it took 72 percent of total U.S. electricity consumption and this number will rise to 75% by 2025. So it can be seen how change in managing housings can lead to positive changes (EPA). Green building technology tackles against these problems with many different technologies, adopting them appropriately for each aspects of energy conservation. While so, 2 examples that directly fight against specific aspects are brought up here. 2.2 Heat Control Firstly, it has been said that the heating and cooling process of a household heavily uses electricity and causes substantial carbon emission. Following are statistics stated by EPA: †¢ The average household spends at least $2,000 a year on energy bills — over half of which goes to heating and cooling. †¢ Out of the total energy consumption in an average household, 50% goes to space heating, 27% to run appliances, 19% to heat water and 4% goes to air conditioning. The numbers are self-explanatory; heating and cooling alone is a big part of whole energy consumption. Temperature control technology for green building enables reducing such consumption and carbon emission. During summer the sun light directly enters through houses through windows or hits the surfaces of outer building and heats up the whole construction. Four factors affect heat accumulation in a home: solar heat gain, internal heat gain, air leakage, and temperature difference. To solve these problems, approaches such as using shades, changing color of outer building, change of roof structure, reducing internal heat generating sources (ex. Electronic equipment), and better use of spaces for air ventilation are used. Today’s buildings also use machine controlled ventilation system or, manual adjustment of ventilation openings to control the heat (Bauer, 2010). On the other hand, during winter it is important to keep and gain every possible heat. A simple method like building the houses facing towards south or optimizing use of sunlight would be the most well-known methods. Additionally, methods of ‘loading up’ the heat into the building are also used, which is using methods like using atria or double faà §ade- dual dimensioned surfaces like windows or wall surfaces- which can support the heat insulation by 20% (Bauer, 2010). As a particular example, window films are proven to be effective in solar radiation cut, reducing the heat level entering a house. The benefit of windows films is clear; it reflects the sun radiation that causes heat and let the room keep cool with less efforts, in terms of both cost and energy usage. This means less air conditioning is used and less energy is consumed. It is proposed by Solar Gard ®, that â€Å"Not only do Solar Gard’s architectural solar control window films help cut energy expenditures by up to 30%, its Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) scientifically proves that Solar Gard and Panorama ® solar control window films have a net positive environmental impact worldwide (Solar Gard). These are specific effects of window film proposed by them; 1. One square meter of a low-e wood window, the type with the smallest carbon footprint, has a carbon cost of 253 kilograms. The carbon cost of Solar Gard window film is less than one kilogram per square meter. 2. Solar Gard window film saves 1001 times more GHG emissions from entering the atmosphere than is used and/or created during its manufacture. 3. Solar Gard window film installed between 2007 and 2008 saved 3.6 million tons of CO2 from entering the atmosphere; this is equivalent to the carbon output of 16,350 American families (with four people). This particular products’ such effects can be expected from other window films too. In short, all these heat controlling technologies serve to reduce the electricity usage with additional energy conserving effects of reduced carbon emissions. 2.3 Emission Control Speaking of carbon emissions, there are specific uses of materials that combats them. In United States, housing alone takes 38 percent of the total carbon dioxide emissions (EPA). Carbon dioxide emission is one of the well-known factors that are blamed for the global warming. The famous Kyoto Protocol was established in order to limit this and also to achieve better results with global warming around the world. Choice of materials for constructions is thus carefully chosen from the planning stage, since once used in the process of construction, it is hard to replace them afterwards. Different sorts of materials has different amount of carbon emissions, and in green building that is considered as major criteria. Other aspects of renewability and sustainability are also considered carefully when material is picked. One specific example of such effort would be use of wood for floorings. Wood has its advantage as a building material from its characteristics of low embodied energy, low carbon impact, low pollution emission, and sustainability. Low embodied energy means it takes less efforts and resources in order to get it. Wood, since it has minimal energy processing during harvesting, has relatively lower embodied energy than those like steels, concrete, aluminum, plastic. In terms of carbon impact, it has lower carbon emission than most of other construction materials. Compared to other artificial or metal types or materials, it shows significantly lower level of carbon emission just as shown in figure 2. Figure 2 Basically, this is the most important characteristic of wood usage for green building, and it is listed as the followings in the website of The Solid Wood Flooring Company: * For every tonne of CO2 a tree absorbs from the atmosphere nearly  ¾ of a tonne of oxygen is produced * Over 83% of the timber supplied in the UK is certified to be sustainable * Using wood instead of other building materials saves an average of 0.9 tonnes of CO2 per cubic metre. * An ‘EUR’ wooden pallet stores around 29kg of CO2 taken from the atmosphere during the growth of the tree While metals and other fossil-based materials are not renewable resources, wood can be maintained forever if carefully used. It has to be accompanied by careful forestry planning, but it is definitely one resource that can be continuously re-grown. 3. Impacts 3.1 Social Impacts With all the features that efficiently use the natural energy and resources, green building technology also supports well-being of tenants in the buildings. It typically contributes to improve employees’ and students’ health, comfort and productivity. Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ)—one of the criteria of the U.S Green Building Council’s LEED-H rating system—evaluates the subtle issue that influences people’s status of mind and body in a space. It has been scientifically proven by related study that people tend to be more productive and contribute better performance in environment with better ventilation and proper temperature control (Abdou, 2006). Figure 3 Just as shown in figure 3, improved working or living condition leads to better work performances. The study sponsored in part by commercial real estate giant Cushman Wakefield, reported 30 percent fewer sick days among one companys employees, and discovered a 10 percent increase in net revenue per employee in another company, after each office moved to LEED-certified buildings. Schools operating in green buildings also demonstrate higher test scores and heightened academic enthusiasm among students (Abdou, 2006) Plus, nature friendly methods and materials used in green buildings proved to ease sicknesses that could occur in daily lives of tenants. It is believed to contribute widely to respiratory problems, allergies, nausea, headaches, and skin rashes. With much emphasis on ventilation, non-toxic, low emitting materials and cutting use of air conditioning, green buildings indeed create healthier and more comfortable living environments, which keep people away from ‘Sick Building Syndromes’ (Fisk, 2002). In summary, all these benefits retrieved from applying green building technology can lead to wholesome social benefit of people, by promoting health initiatives and pleasurable living spaces. Hence it further goes on to the bigger scale of expanding economic ground, by improving productivity and economic activity of the users of this technology. 3.2 Economic Impacts Green buildings are so much more cost effective compared to conventional buildings. According to the USGBC’s LEED rating system, green buildings tend to be 25-30% more energy efficient and more likely to generate the renewable resource on-site. Due to its cost effectiveness, energy saving and easy maintenance, green buildings outperform non-green buildings in the resale market. Basically a newly–constructed green building will perform 10.9% better than its original construction value. Prospective buyers who realize the utility and maintenance cost and are more concerned about the sustainable design of the building will be attracted towards it. Though there is a common perception that green buildings cost a heavy premium over normal buildings, the cost of green design has dropped in the last few years as the number of green buildings has risen. Hence buildings both residential and commercial with sustainable design component continue retaining a high property value in th e retailing market (McGraw Hill Construction, 2010). By continuing to grow in different ground of constructions from the usual ones, green building technology is opening new opportunities for more economic activities with its prospects. As consumers and suppliers become more interested in such technology, it carries much potential for better outcomes. 4. Future Prospects Then would these outcomes continue to exist in the upcoming future too? Green building is getting on the line of popularity within the general public who are becoming more aware of environmental conservation. Governments are encouraging it with various policies and incentives with brandings. It does seem like there are some positive prospects for green building technology to continue to grow in the future. There are supple amounts of factors encouraging such potentials. Regarding the future upcoming green building designs, buildings such as Zero-Energy Buildings are being explored. Zero-energy building (ZEB) is the designation given to buildings that have zero net energy consumption and zero carbon emissions annually. These buildings harvest energy produced on-site to meet their own energy needs. In addition to this, ideas of green schools are also being developed. Certified Green Schools are growing rapidly as part the LEED System. This trend will accelerate as understanding of the health and educational benefits of green schools grow (Yudelson, 2010). On the other hand, research efforts for further protection of environment are encouraging the future growth too. Awareness of the coming global crisis in fresh water supply leads building designers and managers to take further steps to reduce water consumption to increase sustainability. This will be done in buildings through the use of more conservation-oriented fixtures, rainwater recovery systems and innovative new water technologies. Lifecycle Analysis (LCA) examines the impact of materials and will allow architects to determine what products are more sustainable and what combination of products can produce the most environmentally friendly results (GEP, 2011). In 2011, the annual Image Power Global Green Brands Study polled more than 9,000 people in 8 countries (USA, UK, China, Brazil, India, Germany, France and Australia) to analyze consumers’ perception of green products. All participating countries, either developed or developing, indicated that they were quite willing to open up their wallets and pay a bit more for green options in real estate. Most of the informants showed great interest to the green buildings. To be precise, 60% of the surveyed consumers globally intend to extend their green choices more and more to items in the real estate, energy and technology sectors (Longsworth, 2011). By 2013 overall global green building market, both residential and commercial, may more than double in its scale from approximately $36-$49 billion to $96-$140 billion. When looking solely at the commercial and institutional real estate development markets, the green building market is projected to grow from its current occupation of 10-12% of the market to 20-25% (GreenBuildings.com). The future market trends are predicted to continue to grow with certain incentives and initiatives. One of them would be green building technology being encouraged to be used in government sectors. Government offices will need to be transformed into green buildings because of regulatory requirements in many countries. Such need will be the key growth area for green building market. Cash incentives for developers will play a major role in this too. Singapore, Australia, Hong Kong and Japan have developed strong support system and incentives for green building developers, designers and owners. Seeing benefits from such incentives, more experts will enter into green building area, stimulating its growth (FrostSullivan, 2009). 5. Conclusion Green building, regardless its short history, has achieved a lot in a short term. Its variety of technologies gave rise of new solutions for using less energy yet enjoying more nature friendly benefits, and as it get popular, economic and social benefits arose. Specific technologies that have been discussed were temperature control technologies and choice of building materials. Such direct outcomes lead green building’s positive impacts to be applied on overall human society and economy. From the current outcomes of green building technology and its rising popularity, it seems to have good prospects for the future growth too. There are different factors of future designs and economic incentives encouraging this trend, and so further growth followed by more positive impacts can be expected. These all consequently support the idea; green building has substantial positive effect in both environment and economy, with potential for even better outcomes in the future. Still, there are problems and limitations of green building technology that we have to consider about for the moment. It is a new born technology and yet to be fully developed. Hence full green buildings that incorporate much of the technology are prone to be accused for its high costs as mentioned before and also its insufficient development of efficiency are often pointed at as something unworthy of further developments. Nevertheless, its future potentials cannot be abandoned simply because of its current limitations. Since the initial goal of green building is to reduce human use of natural resources and promote sustainability, current green building technology should be pushed on for further developments that can solve problems at the moment and so forth move on to achieve its goal in an even better way. Besides, its potentials are sufficient to predict better efficiency and profound benefits for our society. Hence green building technology should be acknowledged for its supportive impacts on environment not only for the current moment, but also for the upcoming future that will aid human beings to continue to live on without exhausting the natural resources.

Income Inequality in Iran Essay -- Iran Poverty and Inequality

There are many problems that face Third World nations. Income inequality affects all nations in the world. It affects some countries more than others though. Income inequality is a major problem in the Third World. In the Third World, the top 1% of people earns 15 % of the income, and the top 5% earn 40% of the income. However the poorest 20% earn only 1% of the global income. This creates a world of haves and have nots. This affects many aspects of society in a county. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, income inequity is a serious issue. One social service that is affected greatly is education. Areas that are poorer do not get the same level of education as areas that are richer receive. This inequality in education is caused by the unequal distribution of wealth that is in Iran because of the unequal distribution of oil revenues throughout Iran. In order to understand income inequality in Iran, one must first look at the basic economic facts of Iran. Iran has a population 77,176,930 people. 70% of its citizens live in urban areas such as Tehran, Mashhad, and Tibriz while 30% live in the rural areas. Urban and rural populations will come up later in the analysis of inequality in Iran. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for Iran in2012 was $548.590 billion. That ranked Iran 21st in the world. The per capita income for each head of household in Iran in 2012 was $7,207, which was 76th in the world. The Human Development Index (HDI) for Iran for in 2013 is 0.742, which is 76th in the world. That is in the middle range of countries for the HDI; below most developed nations but high for Third World nation. Iran is a semi-industrialized nation with some manufacturing industries and a heavy reliance on oil revenues f... ...r, â€Å"The Roots of Iran’s Inflation† Susman, â€Å"Income Inequality and Poverty in Iran.† United States Government Accountability Office,â€Å"US and International Sanctions Have Adversely Affected the Iranian Economy† http://www.gao.gov/assets/660/652314.pdf (Viewed December 1, 2013, 8:45 EST) Raghfar, â€Å"The Roots of Iran’s Inflation† Susman, â€Å"Income Inequality and Poverty in Iran.† Children of Heaven, (Tehran, Iran. 1997). Susman, â€Å"Income Inequality and Poverty in Iran.† Raghfar, â€Å"The Roots of Iran’s Inflation† Susman, â€Å"Income Inequality and Poverty in Iran.† The Jar, (Hormozgan, Iran. 1995). Children of Heaven, (Tehran, Iran. 1997). Raghfar, â€Å"The Roots of Iran’s Inflation† Raghfar, â€Å"The Roots of Iran’s Inflation† United States Government Accountability Office, â€Å"US and International Sanctions Have Adversely Affected the Iranian Economy†

Outline and evaluate research into the nature of relationships Essay

A further difference found in the nature of relationships across cultures is the level of continuity. Western societies commonly thrive for change and progress, and so relationships also inevitably undergo change. Because of this, relationships within Western cultures are usually discontinuous and only temporary. In many Eastern cultures, they have a high regard for heritage and ancestry. Unlike in Western cultures, change is not so readily accepted. Non-Western cultures emphasise the idea of continuity and so relationships are often permanent. An issue with this theory is that Western cultures have only recently been more accepting of temporary relationships. In the 1950’s, women’s roles changed dramatically, and they since have had more of a choice within relationships. Since contraception also was introduced, women have gained greater freedom to participate in relationships as this makes the burden of a child optional. This has made break ups and divorces a lot more acceptable in the Western world. This recent change may mean that the differences between Western and Non-Western societies may not be down to the culture itself but due to the social mobility and urbanisation of the society. This makes conclusions taken from this theory hard to generalise, as it may not even be a correct representation of Western and Non-Western culture. You cannot define a culture by its level of urbanisation. There are many distinct differences between relationships in different cultures, as highlighted by various psychological studies and theories. The main similarity in these is that they usually result in relationships being categorised by being Western or Non-Western. Although these categories are commonly used to describe cultural relationships within psychology, a major issue with this is that it makes the study or theory reductionist. This is because it suggests that all relationships can be broken down into two simple components. Reducing relationships into these two simple categories poses the danger of many factors of relationships being disregarded. Individual differences of those involved will massively shape their behaviour within the relationship. For example, some people who live in a Western society may still choose to undergo an arranged marriage (and vice versa), depending on their preferences. Because of this, it is hard to generalise conclusions from these studies/theories to a wider society as they don’t necessarily represent the entire demographic. Drawing such conclusions can leave them susceptible to abuse and manipulation, which could be seen as forms of racism. This can be considered as unethical.

Pottery in the Philippines Essay

I. INTRODUCTION Pottery is defined as the art or craft of a potter to manufacture material from which pottery ware is made. It can be made from earthenware, porcelain or stoneware. According to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), pottery is defined as all fired ceramic wares that contain clay materials. Pottery uses clay and may sometimes be mixed with other materials to form the clay body. Clay bodies differ in physical stages during the making of pottery. Earthenware, an example, is made of clay produced in a swampy area or in open fields near riverbanks. The process of pottery involves forming or shaping a clay body into your desired shape. It is then heated to high temperatures in a kiln that removes excess water thereby hardening the clay and setting it to a permanent shape. For aesthetic purposes, the clay body may be decorated before or after the firing process. Kneading the clay body is an important step prior to shaping the clay. It ensures an even distribution of moistur e content and removes the air bubbles trapped within the clay body. Pottery is found in almost all archaeological sites. In fact, pottery has provided archaeologists with information about the past, mainly about trade and technology. II. SCOPE AND LIMITATION The focus of this paper will be pottery and its evolution through time. The paper will be limited to Philippine pottery only. III. EMERGENCE OF THE FIRST POTTERY The emergence of pottery in the Philippines indicates the complexity of cultural development during the Neolithic Period. Like the rest of the early people in other parts of the world, the early man and woman in the Philippines were also highly dependent on nature. Nature provided them with the basic necessities needed for survival. In earlier times, vessels such as leaves and tree barks were used in gathering food. Not long after, the early people learned to cook using the vessels. According to Valdes (Pang-alay),  humans discovered the properties of clay and how it hardens when tempered with sand and fire. IV. ANCIENT RITUALS IN POTTERY Before the Spaniards set foot in the Philippines and spread Christianity, the early Filipinos were pagan worshippers. Paganism refers to indigenous religious traditions wherein people worshipped animals and deities. The discovery of pottery led them to fashion effigies called tao-tao by the Visayans and likha or larawan by the Tagalogs. In paganism, they offer special offerings of fruits and perfumes to appease the spirits they worship. It was believed that refusing to offer special presents to the spirits would anger them and bring illness and misfortune. The offerings were placed in earthenware pottery and offered in the fields for the spirits. The early Filipinos also believed in life after death. For this reason, they took special care of the dead and gave â€Å"pabaon† for their journey in the afterlife. The bereaved brought food contained in clay vessels or palayok as offerings (Fox, 1959). The clay pots that were used as ritual vessels were the same pots used in their daily life. As time passed, the designs of the vessels became finer and more intricate. V. GOLDEN AGE OF POTTERY IN THE PHILIPPINES The Golden Age of Philippine pottery was ascertained to be during the period when the use of metals flourished, about 2000 years B.C., but some of the earliest pottery discovered dated further back in the Neolithic Age when the development of horticulture and animal domestication dominated. There is little of Philippine Neolithic pottery left extant as stated by Jesus T. Peralta in his work, â€Å"Pottery and Ceramics Excavated in the Philippines†. Some potteries excavated in sites widely spread in the Philippines indicate original designs and attempts for aesthetic designs in their construction. During this time, pottery was made to suit ones need whether for household or burial needs. VI. POTTERY IN THE METAL AGE The start of the Metal Age marked the development of pottery technology estimated to be between 500 B.C.E. and 900 C.E. Specific typologies of pottery surfaced. Larger pieces of burial jars were said to have appeared during this age. Evidences of pottery with elaborate and intricate designs on their vessels that were prominent during this age were unearthed in Palawan. Apart from Palawan, the same markers were also found in Masbate, known as the Kalanay Complex site. The excavation was lead by Dr. Wilhelm Solheim II in the 1950s where they found earthenware pottery.Evidences of pottery dating back to the Metal Age were found in archaeological sites in Cebu by archaeologists from the University of San Carlos and the National Museum in the summer of 2011. VI. POTTERY AS USED FOR BURIALS Filipinos, in the past and in the present, heavily believe in the afterlife. Giving respect to the dead has been a custom from way back. Since Filipinos in the past believe in â€Å"pabaon†, the ceramic potteries they acquire from trading with other countries like China are buried together with their deceased loved ones. The ceramics were treated as valuables rather that for utilitarian purposes. Burial jars unearthed in the Philippines were dated back to the Neolithic Period. Anthropomorphism had become a dominant design. It is the personification or attribution of human characteristics to inanimate object, in this case, jars or pottery. These jars, made of earthenware, are designed like human figures complete with facial characteristics. The Mannunggul jar, Maitum Anthopomorphic potteries, and Leta-leta potteries from Palawan have greatly contributed to the understanding of burial customs during the early times. VII. INFLUENCE FROM OUTSIDE Evidences of contacts with Mainland and the rest of South East Asia were evident in trade and cultural exchanges. The production of domestic pottery became competitive increasing the pressure on the international market in  the South Seas (Peralta). Pottery trades with China were most evident. Traditional ceramics are composed of clay minerals (i.e. porcelain), as well as cement and glass. Ceramic artifacts have been useful in archaeology for understanding culture, technology and behavior of people in the past since they are among the most common artifacts to be found. Sherd is a term referred to small fragments of broken pottery. During the Pre-Christian era, highly-fired ceramic wares were evident in China. Ceramic technology in the mainland was very advanced and kaolin, very fine clay that can be fired to high temperatures, was the contributory factor. Kilns in China became known for their ability to produce temperatures well-above 1300 °. Ceramics from China were deemed to be of superior quality and thus were preferred over low-fired ceramics from other lands. H. Otley Beyer mentioned the recovery of three-colored ceramic shards from Tang Dynasty in the Philippines that verified the early trade networks of the early Filipinos with Mainland Asia. According to text, the discovered shards were systematically excavated from sites giving way to a large drawback on the presence of Tang Dynasty ceramics. However, in the 1980s, a site in Laurel near the edge of Taal Lake in Batangas was excavated and shards of of polychrome glazed jars were recovered. Polychrome glaze, obtained by using coloring agents such as copper, iron, manganese, and cobalt, was a product of Tang Dynasty. VIII. PHILIPPINE POTTERY AT PRESENT With the development of technology, modern ways on how to do pottery have been developed. Pottery equipment machines have been invented to make pottery for industrial purposes. Nevertheless, the art of pottery still struggles to live and strives to remain as a priceless piece of folk art. In places across the country, the art of making pottery in the primordial way still lives on. In the province of Antique, potters of Barangay Bari in Sibalom still adapt the traditional process of pottery. The potters, known  as â€Å"manugdihon kang kuron†, have been famous for making good quality and durable pottery. Likewise, in an area in Vigan, Ilocos Sur known as Pagburnayan, traditional pottery methods are also practiced by workers. Pottery is one of the most primordial arts that helped developed our culture. Preserving the traditional way of making pottery and keeping artifacts intact will also help in preserving Philippine tradition and culture that will benefit the future generations. REFERENCES Fox, Robert B., â€Å"The Calatagan Excavations: two 15th Century Burial Sites in Batangas, Philippines†, Philippine Studies, Vol. 7, Manila, Philippines; 1959 Valdes, Cynthia O.,â€Å"Pang-alay: Ritual Pottery in Ancient Philippines†, Makati City; 2003 Orton, Clive; Tyers, Paul and Vince, Alan, Pottery inArchaeology, Cambridge manuals in Archaeology; 1993 Ronquillo, Wilfredo P., Philippine Earthenware Pottery: An Overview â€Å"Pottery dating back to the Metal Age found in Cebu town†, Cebu Daily News; 05April2011 Callister, William D. and Rethwisch, David G., Materials Science and Engineering, 8th Edition, John Wiley & Sons; 2011 Eusebio Zamora Dizon, â€Å"An Iron Age in the Philippines? A critical examination† (January 1, 1988). Solheim, Wilhelm II G., â€Å"Further Notes on the Kalanay Pottery Complex in the Philippine Islands† Peralta, Jesus T. and De Santos, Arturo, Kayamanan: Pottery and Ceramics from the Arturo de Santos Collection, Central Bank of the Philippines; 1908 Magbanua, Richard. Traditional Pottery Making in Antique Philippines.

Montag Book of Ecclesiastes essays

Montag Book of Ecclesiastes essays In the end of the novel, Montag becomes chased by the Hound. Montag escapes from the Hound by reaching the river. He becomes washed ashore in the countryside where he follows a railroad track to a group of men. The men give him a fluid which seems to change his scent. They also tell him that the search has continued in the other direction. They later turn on the television to watch a scapegoat get killed. Montag then learns that the men seem to be former professors and intellectuals. They also say they make up a network of thousands of people who memorize books. They tell Montag he appears important because he seems like a back-up copy of the Book of Ecclesiastes. He feels his reading has finally become validated. As they leave, Montag mentions that he does not miss his wife or would not care if she would die. Later jets bomb the city. Montag repeats the Book of Ecclesiastes to himself as he thinks about Mildred. After the aftershock dies down, Granger compares mankind t o a phoenix rising again and again from its own ashes, and says that they will first need to look at themselves. The men then turn toward the city to help the survivors. Everyone watches the Hound chase Montag on their televisions. Montag also watches the Hound follow him by looking through the windows of peoples houses. At Fabers house, the Hound hesitates, but quickly runs on. Montag hears an announcement as he runs toward the river. The announcement tells everyone to get up and look outside for him on the count of ten. At the count of ten, just as Montag reaches the river, all the doors start to open. Montag wades into the river and drifts away with the current to prevent the Hound from picking up his scent. Later, he avoids the searchlights of the police helicopters. He eventually washes ashore in the countryside. He finds a railroad track and follows it. He then senses strongly that Clarisse had once been there. ...

American study final paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

American study final paper - Assignment Example His essay is a detailed analysis of the many examples of advertisements to support this claim. In this essay, the main aim is to show how these different facets of the American culture influence the nature of advertisements. America is considered the most egalitarian society of past and present age. In fact, it is the world’s largest democracy and, therefore, advocates for social equality of its citizens, a populist view. This is one of the two faces of the American dream, the other being an elitist view. This view of the American dream is widely exploited by manufacturers as a way of manipulating consumers to buy their products (Solomon, 543). The status of Americans’ fears, hopes, beliefs, and even desires provide a necessary opportunity for advertisers to make their advertisements appealing to the American people. The desire of the people to feel accepted in society is particularly exploited in such a way that consumers will want to identify with the product to ‘qualify’ as due citizens of the country. These advertisements are specially designed to create a symbolic association between the product and what the target consumers most covet. Manufacturers are, therefore, quick to point out that their products are made, or designed on American soil. One aspect of the American dream is that it encourages the desire to belong and feel part of the country’s culture. This aspect has been the subject of many advertisements that transform economic products into signs of belonging. The incorporation of such common icons of American culture as country music, farmyards and family picnics in an advert makes it more appealing to a broader audience. For instance, a Jack Daniel’s advertisement emphasizes the egalitarian and down-home nature of its product. The feeling of belonging to that culture can influence a buyer

Should the united states government provide the affordable health care Essay

Should the united states government provide the affordable health care - Essay Example Health consumers are not only assured of affordable healthcare but also assured of provision of quality medical services. However, critics have emerged on whether the provision of affordable medical services is appropriate. The critics are based on the assumptions that the creation of affordable care act is expensive and the burden would be transferred to the tax payer. Additionally, medical institutions have also cited that they have incurred minimized profits since the creation of the affordable care act. However, the government stills maintains the position that the affordable care act is helpful for both individual as well as health institutions. This paper will analyze whether the provision of affordable act is appropriate. In addition the paper will create a balance between the main critics of the act and the benefits of the act and determine the appropriate position. In an argument by McDonough since the creation of the affordable act in the United States significant changes has been experienced in the health care field (42). The author cites the number of health consumers that have been enabled to access quality health care services (McDonough 42). Before 2010, many consumers were not able to access quality medical services due to their financial status. They depended on small pharmacies and health clinics to access medical care. The quality of medical care provided in these facilities is below the required by the national health bodies. However, this remained the only healthy option available for poor persons. After the creation of the affordable act, people have been enabled to access medical care in more resourceful medial institutions at prices they could afford. In an argument by Donald this has significantly reduced immortality rates in the United States (44). The author presents data that proves the assumption that the number of death re corded after the creation of the affordable