Income Inequality Essay Example For Students

Salary Inequality Essay Salary Inequality Essay Salary disparity in the United States remained generally stable for a time of almost forty years. Starting during the 1970s, in any case, this time of strength finished, as the main indications of extending salary disparity got clear. Through the span of the 1970s and 1980s, an undeniably clear pattern toward more noteworthy pay disparity rose. Before the finish of the 1980s, the main 20 percent of laborers were accepting the biggest portion of pay at any point recorded by government figures, and the last three fifths were getting the most reduced offers at any point recorded. This pattern has proceeded into the 1990s and as of now gives no indications of decrease. At the point when the pointers of developing inequalitywere first saw during the 1970s, a few scientists contended that the effectswere just impermanent relics of momentary work advertise unsettling influences. By theend of the 1980s, be that as it may, a drawn out pattern towards expanding inequalityhad obviously developed, pointing rather to unbendable changes in the occupationalstructure itself. The new word related structure seemed, by all accounts, to be unified with anincrease of generously compensated specialized, logical, and proficient employments at the top, asliding white collar class, and a developing inadequately paid assistance and retail occupations atthe base. A few significant work power changes seemed, by all accounts, to be contributing tothe moving word related structure. As word related recreating and growingincome imbalance turned out to be progressively apparent, a warmed bantered with regards to the causesand greatness of these progressions emerged. Two predominant collections of thought emergedaround the issue: the activity expertise crisscross postulation and the polarizationthesis. Bungle scholars contend that there is an expanding separation betweenthe high ability prerequisites of post-mechanical occupations and the lacking trainingand unremarkable capabilities of laborers. They see the post-mechanical economyleaving behind incompetent laborers, particularly ladies and minorities. For themismatch scholar, the pattern toward more noteworthy disparity is impermanent and willdissipate once the gracefully of laborers gets what it takes requested by apost-modern economy. Also, they foresee that the general dissemination ofworkers will understanding and redesigning in their wages over the long run.Polarization scholars, then again, accept that the ascent in inequalityis lasting, an aftereffect of the move to a help based economy. This vision ofthe post-modern economy is typically enraptured. The problemaccording to these scholars, is the kind of employments being produced in the neweconomy, not laborer traits. Since they accept the causes are structuraland lasting, polarization scholars would prevent the viability from claiming open policiesdesigned to instruct and prepare incompetent specialists. They anticipate a long-termcontinuation of the pattern towards expanding salary disparity. Studies showthat the since quite a while ago run increment in pay disparity is likewise identified with changes inthe Nations work market and its family structure. The pay distributionhas become impressive progressively inconsistent with all the more profoundly talented, prepared, andeducated laborers at the top encountering genuine pay gains and those at the bottomreal wage misfortunes. One factor is the move in work from thosegoods-delivering businesses that have lopsidedly given high-wageopportunities to low-gifted specialists, towards administrations that disproportionatelyemploy school graduates, and towards low-wage divisions, for example, retail exchange. Butwithin industry moves in labor request away from less-instructed laborers areperhaps a more significant clarification of dissolving compensation than the move out ofmanufacturing. Likewise refered to as squeezing the wages ofless-instructed laborers are strengthening worldwide rivalry and movement, thedecline of the extent of laborers having a place with associations, the decrease in thereal estimation of the lowest pay permitted by law, the expanding requirement for PC abilities, an d theincreasing utilization of impermanent specialists. Simultaneously, since a long time ago run changes inliving game plans have occurred that will in general incite contrasts inhousehold salaries. For instance, separations and divisions, births out of wedlock,and the expanding age from the start marriage have prompted a move away frommarried-couple families and toward single-parent and non-family households,which normally have lower livelihoods. Additionally, the expanding propensity over theperiod for men with higher-than-normal profit to wed ladies withhigher-than-normal income has added to extending hole between high-incomeand low-salary family units.

20 Short Essay Topics on Global Warming in World Climate Change

20 Short Essay Topics on Global Warming in World Climate Change Over the most recent 50 years, human exercises, for example, exhuming the earth, utilization of non-renewable energy sources and nursery outflows have radically changed the earth’s atmosphere in negative manners. During this timeframe, the consuming of non-renewable energy sources has discharged enormous amounts of carbon dioxide and nursery outflows which thusly have caught heat in the earth’s lower air along these lines influencing our worldwide atmosphere. Measurements show that the attacks of an unnatural weather change and its belongings of environmental change influences various areas in different manners however altogether, the earth has seen an expansion of 0.85 degree centigrade in its general temperature over the most recent 100 years. These measurements additionally call attention to that the expansion is set to pass satisfactory limits by 2030. Also, if this happens, it will prompt critical results on the earth’s atmosphere and human wellbeing over the long haul. In this way, the duty of instructing the world’s populace on the risks of a dangerous atmospheric devation falls on your shoulders. So as to do as such, here are 20 short article subjects on an unnatural weather change understudies ought to consider chipping away at to redirect our aggregate regard for this ticking time bomb. The 20 short paper points on a dangerous atmospheric devation: Talking about the Impact of Climate Change on Human Health Understanding Global Warming, its Relation to Climate Change and Health Effects A worldwide temperature alteration Driving Extreme Heating in Urban Areas Catastrophic events, Varying Rainfall Patterns and Your Health Diminishing Wildfires through the Study and Management of Global Warming Sea Acidification and its Effects on the World’s Habitat Estimating the Health Effects of Global Warming on the Earth’s Population An unnatural weather change, Natural Disasters and the Correlation with Mental Illness An unnatural weather change and Excessive Climate Change; A Risk to Human Lives Examining Warmer Temperatures and its Support for Allergy-Related Diseases Exploring Climate Change Effects on the Quality of Life in Urban and Rural Areas Impacts of Global Warming on Health Care Diminishing the Effects of Global Warming on Human Health How Global Warming Works and its Dangers to Human Health Environmental Change Droughts and Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa An unnatural weather change and its Negative Effects on Agriculture and Human Well-being Environmental change, Irregular Weather Patterns and the Food Chain The Health Risks Associated with Greenhouse Emissions and Global Warming An unnatural weather change and Its Effects on Air Quality in Urban Communities Environmental Change and the Ever-Disappearing Rainforest The above short paper subjects on an unnatural weather change covers the different expansive impacts of environmental change on the earth’s biological system. Hence, on the off chance that you are keen on considering nature or catastrophic events, you can basically pick a subject that centers around how a worldwide temperature alteration influences your region of study and the people living in these areas. In the following area of this article, a theme will be picked and a short paper will be composed around it to furnish you with some bearing on drafting expositions on an unnatural weather change. Note that this article was propelled by the main article - 10 realities on an Earth-wide temperature boost and human wellbeing in world environmental change - in this three section arrangement. Test Short Essay: How Global Warming Works and Its Dangers to Human Health In the course of the most recent two decades, researcher have been associated with a race to demonstrate that the wonder known as an unnatural weather change exists and could definitely influence human life in the coming decades. The need to offer hard realities originated from the analysis the ecological network has gotten from government officials and naysayers who accept that a ulterior rationale is coordinated into the message of tidying up the earth. In this way, I expect to utilize this article to examine the importance of a worldwide temperature alteration and how it will influence human life soon. In straightforward terms, an Earth-wide temperature boost is the expansion of the earth’s normal surface temperature because of the impact of nursery gasses, for example, carbon dioxide, which thusly trap heat in the earth’s environment. In a perfect circumstance or biological system, these warmth made by the utilization of non-renewable energy sources and deforestation would escape from the earth’s surface however the measure of nursery fumes the earth at present creates exceeds the earth’s normal channels. As prior expressed, an Earth-wide temperature boost is brought about via carbon dioxide and nursery outflow created in huge amounts by human exercises. These exercises remember the consuming of non-renewable energy source for our vehicles, ventures and homes, and the enormous deforestation happening in country zones to give building materials, paper and fuel for human utilization. This maltreatment of the earth’s assets has prompted expanded outflow rates, caught heat and a general increment in the earth’s temperature by 0.85 degree centigrade in the 21st century. The expansion in temperature additionally has its unfriendly impacts on the world’s atmosphere and has prompted unpredictable climate conditions around the world. Because of environmental change, streams and seas currently flood their banks prompting flooding of homesteads which are the wellsprings of food and income for rustic networks. The outcome has been across the board lack of healthy sustenance, mosquito populace development, and increment in intestinal sickness related passings and the spread of waterborne infections which definitely decreases the personal satisfaction in rustic zones. Urban territories are additionally not forgotten about, as sporadic climate conditions have prompted heat waves which have been answerable for around 30,000 passings on a yearly premise. Rapidly spreading fires are another result of a changing atmosphere and they have prompted removals, dissatisfaction and uneasiness among individuals who have been up to speed in their part. Albeit an Earth-wide temperature boost influences the individuals of earth in different manners, everybody despite everything endures its assaults. Studies show that if the pattern where non-renewable energy sources are being expended proceeds, the year 2030 will observer extraordinary atmosphere abnormalities which could prompt around 250,000 passings. In this way, the errand of sparing lives falls on our shoulders and the general population can be sharpened and better instructed once we as a whole concur that an Earth-wide temperature boost and the issues it raises are significant. This is the finish of the second article in this three-section arrangement and for those intrigued on culminating their exposition composing abilities, remember to peruse the last article covering the strategies of composing short papers on an Earth-wide temperature boost and human wellbeing in world environmental change. References: Morhadt, J. (2009). Natural Consequences of Global Climate Change. Fernando, H Klaic, Z. (2012). National Security and Human Health Implications of Climate Change. Pool, R. (2008). The Nexus of Biofuels, Climate Change and Human Health. WHO Fact Sheet. (2016). Environmental Change and Health. who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs266/en/ National Center for Science Education Journal. (2010). In what manner will Climate Change Affect the World and Society. https://ncse.com/library-asset/in what capacity will-environmental change-influence world-society Anthony, M. (2013). Globalization, Climate Change and Human Health. http://wphna.org/wp-content/transfers/2013/04/13-04-NEJM-McMichael-Global-Change.pdf Haines, A., Smith, R. (2009). General Health Benefits of Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Overview and Implications for Policy Makers, 14:2-4.

The RAPS4 Alcohol Screening Test

The RAPS4 Alcohol Screening Test Addiction Alcohol Use Print The RAPS4 Alcohol Screening Test Proven More Effective Than CAGE Test By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on February 03, 2020 Thomas Barwick / Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery The RAPS4 alcohol screening test is a four-question quiz designed for busy clinical healthcare offices that have been shown to be effective in detecting alcohol dependence in the past 12 months. It began as a five-question test called the Rapid Alcohol Problems Screen and was designed to maximize sensitivity in detecting alcohol problems. It was later refined to four questions and the name was changed to RAPS4. The test was made up of questions already in use in other screening tests. Primary care physicians offices can be very busy as the family doctor tries to see all of the patients that request an appointment. If the doctor suspects that alcohol may be affecting the health of one of his patients, there really is not enough time for him to conduct a thorough substance abuse evaluation. Therefore, short 4- or 5-questions quizzes, like the RAOS4, are ideal for making an initial evaluation. Effectiveness of the RAPS4 Test The RAPS4 test has been found to be highly effective in detecting alcohol dependence in the past year across gender and ethnic groups - white, black and Hispanic. Research has also shown that the RAPS4 is more effective than the CAGE test, which has traditionally been the most widely used test in clinical settings. The RAPS4 gets its name from the questions it poses to the patient which pertain to remorse (R), amnesia (A), performance (P), and starter drinking behavior (S). Each question pertains to the patients behaviors in the past year. RAPS4 Questions Have you had a feeling of guilt or remorse after drinking?Has a friend or a family member ever told you about things you said or did while you were drinking that you could not remember?Have you failed to do what was normally expected of you because of drinking?Do you sometimes take a drink when you first get up in the morning? A yes answer to at least one of the four questions suggests that your drinking is harmful to your health and well-being and may adversely affect your work and those around you. If you answered no to all four questions, your drinking pattern is considered safe for most people and your results do not suggest that alcohol is harming your health. Unsure about the results? You may want to take the more detailed Alcohol Abuse Screening Test for further evaluation.

Analysis of Herman Melville´s Moby Dick Essay - 821 Words

Herman Melville, in his renowned novel Moby-Dick, presents the tale of the determined and insanely stubborn Captain Ahab as he leads his crew, the men of the Pequod, in revenge against the white whale. A crew mixed in age and origin, and a young, logical narrator named Ishmael sail with Ahab. Cut off from the rest of society, Ahab attempts to make justice for his personal loss of a leg to Moby Dick on a previous voyage, and fights against the injustice he perceived in the overwhelming forces that surround him. Melville uses a series of gams, social interactions or simple exchanges of information between whaling ships at sea, in order to more clearly present man’s situation as he faces an existence whose meaning he cannot fully grasp.†¦show more content†¦Gabriel warns Ahab that if he keeps pursuing the white whale his end will come. Ahab refuses to listen because he is selfish and is too determined to seek his revenge that he will risk his life and his crews life so h e can kill the creature of the deep. Similar to Ahab, the Samuel Enderbys’ captain has donated a limb to Moby-Dick, but unlike the Pequod’s leader, the Englishman wants to keep away from the White Whale, arguing, â€Å"ain’t one limb enough? What should I do without this other arm? †¦ He’s best left alone† (368). The one-armed captain, head of a ship named for a wealthy British merchants, describes his experience to the one-legged monomaniac, who is overly excited, but the Englishman does not approach the experience as a spiritual battle like Ahab. Interrupting the captain, Ahab exclaims his highlights of his effect on the whale, claiming credit for the harpoons and scars decorating that wild beast. The Samuel Enderby’s captain continues â€Å"good-humoredly† (365). The Englishman did not know that he had lost his arm to the Moby-Dick for some time after the attack, but when he found out the identity of his opponent, he forfe ited two chances to repeat his attempt at capturing oil from the White Whale. To the Englishman’s sage like attitude, Moby-Dick was nothing more than a remarkably profitable catch, while toShow MoreRelatedHerman Melville s Moby Dick 1471 Words   |  6 PagesHerman Melville has become a well-known classic novelist in today’s society, most popularly known for his novel Moby Dick. This book, taught in many high school classrooms, has been critiqued and analyzed in several ways, the characters and story line becoming familiar throughout academia. However, what many high school classrooms do not address is the sub-textual homosexual references made throughout the book. In fact, several books authored by Melville, once viewed upon closer inspection, can beRead MoreSatire In Herman Melvilles Moby Dick1239 Words   |  5 PagesSatire in Herman Melville’s Moby Dick Herman Melville’s Moby Dick is a parting from the traditional conception of the Anglo-European novel in underlying the idea of the self as opposed to society, or, the human being in contrast to the universe. Many of Melville’s themes are typical of American Romanticism: the â€Å"isolated self† and the difficulty of self-revelation, the imperfections of human knowledge, the contrast between immorality and virtue, and the pursuit of the truth. Although Melville intendedRead MoreEssay about Herman Melville: A Biography And Analysis2570 Words   |  11 Pages Herman Melville: A Biography And Analysis nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Throughout American history, very few authors have earned the right to be called â€Å"great.† Herman Melville is one of these few. His novels and poems have been enjoyed world wide for over a century, and he has earned his reputation as one of the finest American writers of all time. A man of towering talent, with intellectual and artistic brilliance, and a mind of deep insight into human motives and behavior, it is certainlyRead MoreAnalysis of Critical Essays on Benito Cereno1280 Words   |  6 Pages Analysis of Critical Essays on Benito Cereno nbsp; It is possible to divide the critics into two camps regarding Herman Melvilles purpose in writing Benito Cereno. Joseph Schiffman, Joyce Adler, and Sidney Kaplan all argue that Melville wrote the story to make a comment on slavery. On the other hand, Sandra Zagarell and Allan Emery contend that Melville goes beyond slavery and is pointing out other flaws in mid Nineteenth century American notion. nbsp; Benito Cereno tellsRead MoreSurface: the Key to Understanding Moby-dick Essay2304 Words   |  10 Pages Surface: The Key to Understanding Moby-Dick There are many key themes and words in Herman Melvilles Moby-Dick. One of the more interesting words found repeatedly is the word surface. There are several ways to interpret this word; it is the veil under which the unknown resides, it is the dividing line between the limits of human knowledge and that which is unknowable, it is the barrier that protects the soul from falling below, and it is a finite form . The first and most easily recognizedRead MoreBrothers Grimm and Beautiful Mind1109 Words   |  5 PagesA Beautiful Mind Film Analysis A Beautiful Mind Film Analysis This movie is based on the true story of the brilliant mathematician John Forbes Nash Jr. He made remarkable advancements in the field of mathematics at a young age and had a very promising future. Unfortunately, John Nash had problems deciphering the difference betwe Premium 855 Words 4 Pages * Film Analysis: a Beautiful Mind WEEK 3 A Beautiful Mind Film Analysis xxxxxx x. xxxxxx xx UniversityRead MoreThe Whiteness of the Veil: Color and the veil in Hawthorne’s The Minister’s Black Veil and The Blithedale Romance1578 Words   |  6 PagesThe Blithedale Romance employs chiaroscuro for its characters, symbols and the veil motif in particular. Blair does not go further in his discussion of whiteness and blackness in â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† in relation to The Blithedale Romance. An analysis of the use of color, particularly regarding the veil symbol, in both texts can provide additional insights into Hawthorne’s often noted ambiguity. Veils and the act of unveiling are popular literary tropes, particularly in Gothic fiction. They mayRead MoreStarbucks : Organizational Profile : Starbucks2061 Words   |  9 Pagesput into perspective Starbucks? as an organization using Bolman and Deal?s (1997) Symbolic and Human Resources frames. As we look into this organization?s structure we will also do some research into its weaknesses, strengths, opportunities and threats (SWOT). Symbolic Frame Starbucks began with a single store in Seattle?s Pike Place Market in 1971, it was named after the first mate in Herman Melville?s Moby Dick, and it?s said to ?evoked the romance of the high seas and the seafaring traditionRead MoreStarbucks Ltd.2455 Words   |  10 PagesHasan Mohammad Starbucks Ltd. Principles of Marketing Assignment 1 09 November 2004 I. Company History Three Seattle entrepreneurs started the Starbucks Corporation in 1971the name comes from Herman Melville s Moby Dick. Their prime product was the selling of whole bean coffee in one Seattle store. By 1982, this business had grown tremendously into five stores selling the coffee beans, a roasting facility, and a wholesale business for local restaurants. Howard Schultz, a marketerRead MoreWhiteness as a Field of Study2712 Words   |  11 Pagesthat the country wanted or desired as citizens. Making race central to decide who can become citizen and per extension who can come to America. Whiteness, Law and Immigration Antecedents and Beginnings Even if the field was born in the 1990’s some of its questions were asked before. The study of white groups of people in multicultural societies like the American has always been in the mind of some scholars. The mass migration to the United States has made it a fertile ground for this kind

The Race On Reality Tv - 866 Words

Race on Reality TV A unique feature of reality TV makes the show as a site where we can find how the tolerance is conducted in real life, in terms of race, gender, and foreignness. As an â€Å"unabashedly commercial genre united less by aesthetic rules or certainties than by the fusion of popular entertainment with a self-conscious claim to the discourse of the real’’ (Murray Ouellette, 2004, p. 2), reality TV enjoys its privilege of dealing with the controversial issue such as racism with ease, through a sense of reality or â€Å"reality credentials† (Kilborn, 1994), on the plea of establishing realism in the show. Focusing on this unique feature, many media scholars have discussed how racial issues are portrayed in the artificial-but-actual apparatus and what particular implications we can draw (Bell-Jordan, 2008; Boylorn, 2008; Orbe, 2008; Squires, 2008). Several studies on reality TV criticize the genre fails to offer broader context to grasp the complicated and serious social issues (Andrejevic, 2004; Bondebjerg, 1996; Kraszewski, 2004; Syvertsen, 2001), and depends on the pre-established framework about race by casting its participants who fit into racial stereotypes (Tyree, 2011) or by emphasizing the stereotypical facets of the participants (Bell-Jordan, 2008; Kraszewski, 2004). Several reality TV shows, MTV’s Real World, FX network’s Black.White., CBS’s Survivor: Cook Islands, have ambivalence in promoting and dramatizing racial conflicts between different racedShow MoreRelatedThe Reality Of Reality Tv951 Words   |  4 Pages Reality TV and You Television shows were created to entertain the public and soon generalized shows became a bore. Reality TV shows are widely varied but are similarly based on the lives of non-fictional characters that brings out their daily challenges and achievements. This genre of TV programs gives a huge impact to its audience of, mostly, twelve to nineteen year olds. Critics and bloggers heavily criticize the negative teachings of Reality TV and indirectly force viewersRead MoreThe Reality Of Reality Television882 Words   |  4 Pages What is it about these reality shows such as: Keeping Up with the Kardashians, Bad Girls Club, and The Real Housewives that we cannot stop watching? After watching reality shows like this, it leaves people craving the next episode of the next week. Reality television producers are exploiting people by giving the public a â€Å"sense† of reality but not the real version of it, but rather exploit people and use stereotypes to make money for entert ainment. The specific points of this argumentRead MoreAfrican American Stereotypes Reality Television1531 Words   |  7 PagesReality programs have dominated television networks since their rise in popularity began in the early 1990s with MTV’s The Real World. The reality genre quickly gained viewership as it redefined the formulaic set up of televisions shows from the past. Reality television has infiltrated television because networks prefer low budgets for their programs that also generate high ratings (Hasinoff, 2008). People watch reality shows because they are intrigued by the seemingly â€Å"real† drama with ordinaryRead MoreStereotypes In Reality Television730 Words   |  3 Pagesadvantage† (thefreedictionary. com). This is what reality television manages to do to the world we live in today. Reality television in fact, is not always real. Many shows on television create a false sense of reality for their viewers. This influences people to think, act, and feel certain ways about others and the world around them. We will write a custom essay sample on Reality TV or any similar topic specifically for you Hire Writer These reality television shows use stereotypes in many casesRead MoreThe Representation Of Race, Class And Gender925 Words   |  4 PagesThe representations of race, class and gender in the media promote various forms of oppressions. Ideologies of class that commemorate the upper class and diminish the lower class are seen in many programs. Ideologies of gender that discriminate women and promote sexism, ideologies of race that misrepresent people of color are mostly created by people who have different perspectives and ideologies. For instance in a 2008 television commercial for the Japanese cell phone companies, a monkey is shownRead MoreThe Impact of Reality Tv on the Teenagers1732 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact Of Reality TV on the Teenagers in Mumbai Nimish Satpute St. Andrews College Instructors : Prof. Meenakshi Kamat : Prof. Jenny Benoy Abstract Reality-based television programming has become a dominant force in television over the past seven years and a staple of most networks’ primetime lineups. This relatively quick change in the television landscape and the sudden increase in viewers’ consumption of reality televisionRead MoreThe Media And Its Impact On Society1678 Words   |  7 Pages When you are young you don t realize that what you are watching on the television is shaping many of your beliefs, distorting what is fictional and what is reality. The media plays a huge role in stereotyping black people compared to white people which has a major impact in how we view the people in our world. When we are watching tv or listening to the radio and it is constantly relating the color of a person s skin to their actions. This causes the audience to associate these actions with aRead MoreReality Television Has A Harm Than Good959 Words   |  4 PagesReality television has grown to be one of the most popular genres in TV history. Ten years ago, you would find maybe one or two reality shows on air . These days, there are numerous kinds of reality television shows on just about every channel. They range from dating shows, game shows, and shows about â€Å"real life.† Some examples are The Bachelor, The Amazing Race, Survivor, Jersey Shore, Real Housewives, Teen Mom, etc. Most of these shows don’t promote any harm; however, they’re starting to take aRead MoreNegative Stereotypes in Reality Television1639 Words   |  7 PagesAs Reality TV becomes more prominent it seems as though negative stereotypes overtly saturate this genre of entertainment. The popularity of reality TV shows subliminally support the preconceived or self-fulfilling prophesy consumers may have towards a certain person or group of people. Reality TV has had an extensive run demeaning African Americans while perpetuating stereotypes. More specifically today, black men are portrayed as stereotypical Brute individuals on the reality TV show Love andRead MoreReality Tv - the Real Issues E ssay1246 Words   |  5 Pagesfavorite movie star dresses, or listening to the newest bands, media makes a difference in everyone’s life. Recently reality television has become a bigger, more popular pastime that many American people enjoy. With so many different reality shows coming out one of the biggest problems that America faces is what kind of message these shows are projecting to their viewers. Almost every reality show that’s out there right now is in some way almost degrading to regular human beings. Shows that get some of

Critically Assess Marx’s Theory of Class and Stratification Free Essays

Marx class theory derived from his belief that class divisions are not found in all forms of society; classes are a creation of history. For Marx, classes are defined and structured by firstly, who owns or has property and means of production and who does the work in the production process, secondly the social relationships included in work and labour, and thirdly who produces and who rules the surplus human social labour can produce. All of these aspects of Marx class theory will be further explored in this essay. We will write a custom essay sample on Critically Assess Marx’s Theory of Class and Stratification or any similar topic only for you Order Now Marx believed that class divisions are not found in all societies, classes are a creation of history. The earliest and smallest societies (tribal and primitive) were classless. It is universally true that all human beings depend on the quest of meeting their basic needs – food, water, shelter and clothing. In these primitive societies, the working day was taken up with required labour in order to meet society’s basic needs and forces of production were distributed equally amongst the community. But when basic needs are met, this leads to man’s creation of new needs, as humans are forever dissatisfied animals. Marx defines human beings as producers (Callinicos, A, p. 98, 1996). Humans seek to transform nature to enable them to meet their needs and do this through two different mode of production. The first ‘forces of production’ which depends on what Marx calls the ‘labour process’. ‘‘Labour is first of all a process between man and nature, a process by which man, though his own actions, mediates, regulates and controls the metabolism between himself and nature’’ (C I 283). The relations of production is the social aspect, which involves the property rights of the productive forces, it is what distinguishes the modes of production for one another. Improvements in the labour force are determined by if man is able to produce the same amount of things but with less human labour. By been able to produce more effectively, therefore meant man gains more control over nature. Thus the developments of the labour process are a reflection of human technology (Callinicos, A, p. 8, 1996) and Marx believed that the developments of science and technology in society provide a basis on which future societies can build upon. Although Marx never said in so many words what he meant by class, his theory lies on the statement that â€Å"the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. ’’ That once beyond primitive socities no labour can exist without means of production, which is who controls the direct producers. The central classes in capitalism are the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. Class divisions arise in society when the direct producers are separated from the means of production. The means of production, the bourgeoisie, become the monopoly of a minority and use exploitation and domination in relation to the producers, the proletariat. Marx looks at the working day in a class society and identies how capital exploits labour wage. During the first half of the day the worker produces goods in which he is paid to but during the second part of the day the worker performs surplus labour. Surplus labour is generated by how much labour time is left over after the employer has made back the equivalent of the cost of the wages of the labourer. The profit of this surplus labour is too small though to improve everyone’s standard of living, so it is taken by the minority who control the means of production. Marx decscribes four main types of class societies: Asiatic, ancient, feudal, and modern bourgeois, ‘‘the distinction between for example a society based on slave labour and a society based on wage labour – is the form in which this surplus labour is in each case exploited from the immediate producer, the worker’’ (C I 325). The practice of exploitation depends on the distribution of the means of production. In the case of slavery , it seems all the slaves labour is surplus labour , he is not permitted to any of his product. But the slave has to be kept alive in order to gain surplus power, therefore a proportion of the slaves wages is set aside to provide him his basic needs. In feudalism society, the peasant may have owned his animals and tools, but did not own the land he works on, therefore must divide his labour time between the work that needed to be done in order to provide for himself and his family and surplus labour for his lord. In both these mode of production, slavery and feudalism, exploitation is clearly visible and physical consequences are evident without question. However in capitalism exploitation is concealed. The worker is legally free, as he has volunteered to partake in the labour process. Marx wrote that workers are ‘‘ free in a double sense , free from the old relations of clientship, bondage and servitude, and secondly free of all belongings and possessions, and of every objective, material form of being, free of all property’’ (G 507). By not selling his labour power to the capitalist, the workers only other option is starvation. The means of production use economic pressures as a means of control over workers, not physical actions. Thus once the employer has employed the workers, he makes them work longer hours than necessary, creating surplus labour. In the case of feudalism, after centuries new methods of producing began to develop. But releasing these new methods worked against the ruling class–in the framework of the prior form of exploitation and the â€Å"legal and political superstructure† that had arisen out of it. This clash between the new opportunities and the structure of the previous order, was in severe crisis. Without new developments, the existing means of producing was not able to sustain any more development in the population, the Black Death followed, causing horrific events such as famines and disease and violence. The previous ways of shaping society and furthering the mode of production were brought to a halt. Marx foresaw that there could be revolution in society abolishing classes altogether. Then begins an epoch of social revolution,† , Marx wrote. Yet the ruling class were still dominating the workers, even though the mode of production had self-destructed. The ruling class dominates not only the way production is carried on, but all the other organizations and relations in society, whose structure aids the exploiters, control their power. As Marx explained, all class societies create a legal, political and ideological â€Å"superstructure† which functions to control the existing relations of production and guard the rulers from the ruled. But an important tool for the ruling class to persuade the working class is ideology– schemes of ideas that depict the recognized order as natural and positive to everyone, whatever its undeniable faults. Marx believed that the workers did not realise they were been exploited, had a false consciousness, mistaken sense that they could count on their employer. He believed that ideologies help sustain the ruling class, by giving misleading views to people about the world in order to exploit others about their position in society. It caused people to form mistaken views about the nature of society in order to keep the existing mode of production in action. Because the dominant or ruling class rules the social relations of production, the central ideology in capitalist society is that of the ruling class. Marx theory of class consciousness was an idea how to make members of a class aware that they have a common situation and interests and, moreover, are able to organize a collective defence of those interests (Elster, J, p128, Intro to Karl Marx). Marx saw that there were many logics why the proletariat would develop into a class that is conscious of its own status, power, obligations, and prospects. The objective condition of a class subsists because of its position in the productive process. Possession or non-possession of the means of production, place in the labour process, and the control over surplus regulate this. However a class such as the bourgeoisie or proletariat, may be unaware of this position, or in any case the effects of this position. Marx believed there would be a revolution, the workers would come together and rise up and fight to abolish the class system. Once everything had calmed down after the revolution, the proletariat would then own the means of production. He believed that no dominating class would exist and everything would be owned equally amongst society. He thought that if the working class were to take control of the means of production, they would inspire social relations that would help everyone proportionately, and an organization of production less at risk to repeated crises. Overall, Marx believed that nonviolent compromise of this issue was unrealistic, and prearranged and violent revolution would be necessary, because the dominating class would not surrender control without a fight. He speculated that in order to secure the socialist system, a dictatorship of the proletariat must be generated on a provisional foundation. Marx’s forethought of a revolution did not come true. As societies developed and expanded, the working classes grew to be more educated, obtaining detailed job skills and accomplishing the type of financial welfare that Marx never thought achievable. How to cite Critically Assess Marx’s Theory of Class and Stratification, Essay examples

Management Work and Life Issues an Example by

Management: Work and Life Issues The total character value of a laborers welfare may sometimes provoke unexpected effects to an organization where he belongs. In most cases, personal and work related issues can induce positive or negative results to the companys normal business processes. In such a case, it is important to evaluate the degree of influence of these factors to any types of company procedures. I f a company wishes to be competitive, then work and life related issues must be addressed (Kutilek et al, 2002). Need essay sample on "Management: Work and Life Issues" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Using a personal experience, the company Ingram Micro provides some of the best approaches in dealing with work or personal life related issues of its employees. The company has a complete instructional method which was primarily implemented by the Human Resources department together with the help of the supervisors in order to combat issues related to workforce performance. One of the strategies that the company employs to address work related issues is to implement a weekly feedback from the sales agents. This is with regards to how they have handled an entire weeks business. For the sales team, each one of the agents are required to submit a mini report which highlights the total sales and the total number of orders per item covering a specific week. This enables the company to address the issues related to inventory and possible price discount offerings for the clients. There have been times when customers tend to complain about changing prices and non-availability of items so having a report like that can help Ingram address the problem. In terms of personal life issues, the company implements a program in which a monthly consultation with the HR department is conducted. This intends to capture each employees dilemmas on a personal perspective. The details about the report are confidential and only the HR team and the employee are aware of the problem. This may include personal financial problems or family concerns. Counseling is provided to employees who face such personal issues so that they can recover from depression and frustrations and would be able to continue providing quality performance for the organization. Apparently, allowing laborers to attend to personal family matters can equate to productivity for the business (Business Intelligence, 2007). Using a personal previous dilemma, the companys strategy towards the employees life issues worked out effectively. I had an issue regarding balancing my time and effort in school and at work. Because of such concern, there was a time when my performance at work was affected due to the hectic schedules patterns in school. This resulted to a low performance rate in terms of sales which covered at least three months. With such an issue, the HR team and my immediate superior had a discussion with me in which I provided the details of my problem. After that small meeting, my supervisor suggested to allocate a different time frame for my work in which the HR positively agreed with. Since I had a very good record in terms of sales, both parties provided me a very lenient schedule which paved the way for me to effectively attend to school while maintaining my good performance at work. This is one true evidence that Ingram Micro has a very good approach in maintaining employees without compromising the resolution value for work or life related issues. Taking care of the work and life related issues of employees can spell greater returns for a business. A small personal assistance or counseling should be enough for the laborers to feel that the company cares for their welfare. With such atmosphere in the workforce, it is not very hard to imagine that the business will be productive for a long time. Anything that is good for employees is directly good for business (Simpson, 2003). References Business Intelligence Lowdown. 2007. How to Be a Manager that Your Employees Respect: 73 Surefire Tips. Kutilek, L., Conklin, N., Gunderson, G. 2002. Investing in the Future: Addressing Work/Life Issues of Employees. Extension Journal Inc. Retrieved February 14, 2008 from https://www.joe.org/joe/2002february/a6.php. Simpson, S. 2003. Good for Employees, Good for Business. Media Inc.